GMAT - 数学部分（Quantitative）

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Until recently, scientists did not know of a close verte- brate analogue to the extreme form. of altruism abserved in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own oppor- (5) tunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among under- ground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat. A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or (10) termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. The queen of the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have (15) been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breed- ing status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by a new queen. Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each (20)insects’s role being defined by its behavior,body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand, differences in behavior. are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller nonbreeding (25) members, both male and female, seem to participate pri- marily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonreaders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates (30)may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age. Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in verte- brates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) (35) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, (40) whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed. Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage？

A. Naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies.
B. Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization based on a rigid caste system.
C. Behavior. in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close vertebrate analogue to behavior. in eusocial insect societies.
D. The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those of any other vertebrate species.
E. The basis for the division of labor among naked mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects.

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The passage supports which of the following inferences about breeding among Lycaon pictus？

A. The largest female in the social group does not maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral control.
B. An individual’s ability to breed is related primarily to its rate of growth.
C. Breeding is the only task performed by the breeding female.
D. Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.
E. Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.

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According to the passage, which of the following is a supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in a naked mole rat colony？

A. She is the largest member of the colony.
B. She exerts chemical control over the colony.
C. She mates with more than one male.
D. She attains her status through aggression.
E. She is the only breeding female.

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The author implies tha5t which of the following will occur if textbooks are not carefully

A. Children will remain ignorant of the European settlers’ conquest of the New World.
B. Children will lose their ability to recognize biases in textbooks.
Children will form. negative stereotypes of Native Americans.
D. Children will develop an understanding of ethnocentrism.
E. Children will stop taking textbooks seriously.

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One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to______

A. state a conclusion about facts presented in an earlier paragraph
B. introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph
C. qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar
D. show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study
E. demonstrate that, of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance

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The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units’ disease mortality rates in the Civil War？

A. They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units.
B. They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat.
C. They were especially high because of the nature of these units’ usual duty assignments.
D. They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units.
E. They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army’s discriminatory policies.

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It can be inferred that the author of the passage discusses “unmonitored workers”(line 10) primarily in order to______

A. compare the ratings of these workers with the ratings of monitored workers
B. provide an example of a case in which monitoring might be effective
C. provide evidence of an inappropriate use of CPMCS
D. emphasize the effect that CPMCS may have on workers’ perceptions of their jobs
E. illustrate the effect that CPMCS may have on workers’ ratings

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It can be inferred from the passage that the researchers mentioned in line 19 would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements？

A. Students form. attitudes about cultures other than their own primarily inside the school environment.
B. For the most part, seniors in high school know that textbooks can be biased.
C. Textbooks play a crucial role in shaping the attitudes and beliefs of students.
D. Elementary school students are as likely to recognize biases in textbooks as are high school students.
E. Students are less likely to give credence to history textbooks than to mathematics textbooks.

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Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excel- lent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers’ letters and diaries— including rare material from Black soldiers—and concen- (5) rates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glathaar’s title expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat. (10 ) Glarthaar accurately describes the government’s discrim- inatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medi cal care, and job assignments, appropriately emphasizing the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited through (15) out the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear-echelon assignments and working in labor battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate was only one-third that of White units, their mortality rate from disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as great. (20) Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White officer put it, “they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.” (25) In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudi- nal change, however, Glarthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments. “Prior to the war,” he writes of these men, “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.” (30) While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this state- ment misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in Ameri- (35) can society; they participated eagerly in this military experiment, which they hoped would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of racial egalitarianism, these men’s paternalism toward African Americans was racist. But to call their (40) feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge in generational chauvinism—to judge past eras by present standards. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following？

An evaluation of a scholarly study
B. A description of an attitudinal change
C. A discussion of an analytical defect
D. An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
E. An argument in favor of revising a view

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According to the passage, naked mole rat colonies may differ from all other known vertebrate groups in which of the following ways？

A. Naked mole rats exhibit an extreme form. of altruism.
B. Naked mole rats are cooperative breeders.
C. Among naked mole rats, many males are permitted to breed with a single dominant female.
D. Among naked mole rats, different tasks are performed at different times in an individual’s life.
E. Among naked mole rats, fighting results in the selection of a breeding female.

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