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听力原文:Tutor: So, you have all told me that you have been having difficulties with taking part in seminar discussions. I've invited you here to see if we can come up with some suggestions and solutions. Some- times talking about these things can be helpful. Mika, you said that you think speaking and listening abilities are related.<br>Mika: Yes, it was really difficult because basically I ... I wasn't good at listening during discussions. You know, you need to understand what is going on so if you miss some things that people say it's very difficult to catch up with the topic. Also, when the tutor asked me a question sometimes I couldn't understand the question and I was answering by making a guess about what he was asking. Usually, the result was that he said something like 'I think you didn't understand my question', which was quite embarrassing for me.<br>Tutor: Martina, have you personally had many difficulties taking part in discussions?<br>Martina: Oh, yes. Definitely. Especially at the very beginning of the course. In terms of speaking, I think I feel that the students, when they talk in class, there is no end to the conversation. They sometimes talk continuously regardless of whether you raise a hand. However, they will usually stop and let you speak if you just interrupt someone. At the beginning I think I was trying to adapt to this kind of environment or classroom chemistry. It was also difficult because of my language ability. At the beginning, students, especially native speaker students, well, their English is, well I don't need to comment about their English, but the speed and the fluency of their English made interaction or intervention, ... I mean interruption, very difficult for students like me, like us, non-native speakers. One thing I learnt to try and do is to think and try to anticipate where the discussion might go, so that when, for example, they talk about something, you know, like, ... when they talk about for example how children think, I can get some ideas in my mind and then I can join in. Before, by the time I had collected all my thoughts and was ready to join in, the discussion had moved on. So, basically, I think it requires you to think quickly and think ahead if you want to join in.<br>Tutor: Michal, have you done anything to try and improve and to participate in such discussions?<br>Michal: I think I have. For example, now, I have more discussions with my classmates outside the classroom and talk with them about some of the questions raised in the seminars. If you ask tutors about your concerns, they listen to you very carefully and they pay attention to the issue in future seminars. They also try to, how do you say it in English? ... catch your eye and see if you are ready to make a comment. If you are, they interrupt the native speakers and ... what's the other idiom? ... give you the floor. That's it. Tutors are very good at accommodating all people in the room, but you have to let them know you want to speak. Eye contact and body language can be useful.<br>Tutor: Martina, with regards to speaking in discussions what advice would you give to another student coming to study in England?<br>Martina: Be polite when you discuss something or argue something. Don't be aggressive. Just be polite and argue in a polite way and if you say something wrong, just admit it. English students don't mind if you make a mistake, and you should admit it and then continue the argument or discussion. If I have really good idea or previous knowledge about the subject under discussion, my view is respect- ed, but if I don't have anything to say about the topic, that's not good, so I advise the students from overseas to be prepared and to be polite. It's a good chance for you to talk and share. Take it.<br>Tutor: Mika, what advice would you give to international students about how to prepare for discussion activities?<br>Mika: If you ... if you want to improve your English abilities it takes some time. You must be


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听力原文:Presenter: Welcome to this first presentation on writing an academic essay. A university essay can be thought of as an extended answer to a quite specific question that has been posed by your lecturer. A key consideration for lecturers when they mark students' work is whether the essay before them is relevant; that is whether it does in fact provide an answer to the question being posed. For this reason it is important when you prepare to work on an essay that you spend a reasonable amount of time reading and mulling over the essay topic so that you understand precisely what is being asked. This involves identifying and thinking about key words in the topic, among other things. This tutorial on essay writing is based on the following topic:<br>"In the last 20 years, rates of divorce have risen significantly in Western countries. Critically analyse some of the different explanations given for this phenomenon. In your discussion you should consider what implications these explanations might have for social policy."<br>'Implication' is a common term. Implications can be thought of as a set of ideas that follow on in some logical sense from a preceding set of ideas. In the case of this essay, the preceding set of ideas are the explanations for rising divorce. What is required then is that students consider what social policies might follow on from each of the different explanations considered. Note that the word 'phenomenon' refers here to 'rising divorce'. This means that the essay will need to be concerned with explaining why divorce rates have risen. 'Different explanations' suggests that different analysts have come up with a variety of reasons for this happening. To 'critically analyse' means to assess the value of some entity with respect to its strengths and weaknesses. This entity may be a theory, a policy, an argument, a piece of research etc. In the case of this essay topic, what needs to be evaluated are the different explanations given for rising divorce. This proposition is central to the essay topic. Clearly the essay will need to be concerned in a general sense with the subject of rising divorce. It is also important to note those terms which limit the subject in some way, in this case to a particular place—Western countries—and to a particular time—the last 20 years.<br>I asked three different students spent some time analysing the divorce essay topic. On the following three slides, you can read each of their interpretations of the topic. After reading each, decide whether you think it is a reasonable interpretation of the topic.<br>This slide shows Student As analysis—"This essay topic is about divorce in Western countries. I would look in detail at statistics for divorce in various countries. I would then mm to the effects of divorce, as discussed by various sociologists. I would describe the effects divorce is thought to have on parents and on children. Then I would consider what social policy solutions there are for the problems arising from divorce."<br>Student B wrote—"For this essay I would focus on why rates of divorce have increased in Western countries. To answer this question, I would give my own critical explanation, focusing on what I know from experience are the reasons why couples choose to divorce. I would then interview a number of divorced people I know asking them what the reasons were for the breakdown of their marriage. I would then consider current social policies relating to divorce and find out how well the people I interview have coped since they were divorced."<br>And this slide tells us what Student C wrote—"This topic states that divorce has risen in Western countries. First I would want to find out if this is the case by looking at statistics from a number of countries. Assuming that the proposition is true, I would then look at a variety of accounts given by sociologists for this increase. For each of these, I


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