German business people don't like to be called by their first names and they may find it a little strange.

A. 对
B. 错

Make sure you know what titles your German counterparts are.

A. 对
B. 错

In Italy it is a good policy to call everyone Dottore.

A. 对
B. 错

Good manners help to make a business deal while bad manners can break it.

A. 对
B. 错

Language StrategyIn Multinational CompanyA The importance of language management in multinational companies has never been greater than today. Multinationals are becoming ever more conscious of the importance of globalcoordination as a source of competitive advantage and language remains the ultimate barrier toaspirations of international harmonization. Before attempting to consider language managementstrategies, companies will have to evaluate the magnitude of the language barrier confronting them and in doing so they will need to examine it in three dimensions: the Language Diversity, the Language Penetration and the Language Sophistication. Companies next need to tum theirattention to how they should best manage language. There is a range of options from which MNCs can formulate their language strategy.B Lingua Franca: The simplest answer, though realistic only for English speaking companies, is to rely on ones native tongue. As recently as 1991 a survey of British exporting companies found that over a third used English exclusively in dealings with foreign customers. This attitude that "one language fits all" has also been carried through into the Internet age. A survey of the web sites oftop American companies confirmed that over half made no provision for foreign language access, and another found that less than 10% of leading companies were able to respond adequately to emails other than in the company's language. Widespread though it is however, reliance on a single language is a strategy that is fatally flawed. It makes no allowance for the growing trend in Linguistic Nationalism whereby buyers in Asia, South America and the Middle East in particular are asserting their right to "work in the language of the customer"'. It also fails to recognize the increasing vitality of languages such as Spanish, Arabic and Chinese that overtime are likely to challenge the dominance of English as a lingua franca. In the IT arena it ignores the rapid globalization of the Internet where the number of English-language e-commerce transactions, emails and web sites, is rapidly diminishing as a percentage of the total. Finally, the total reliance on a single language puts the English speaker at risk in negotiations. Contracts, rules and legislation are invariably written in the local language, and a company unable to operate in that language is vulnerable.C Functional Multilingualism: Another improvised approach to Language is to rely on what has been termed "Functional Multilingualism". Essentially what this means is to muddle through,relying on a mix of languages, pidgins and gestures to communicate by whatever means the parties have at their disposal. In a social context such a shared effort to make one another understand might be considered an aid to the bonding process with the frustration of communication being regularly punctuated by moments of absurdity and humor. However, as the basis for business negotiations it appears very hit-and-nuts. And yet Hagen's recent study suggests that 16% of international business transaction; are conducted in a "cocktail of languages." Functional Multilingualism shares the same defects as reliance on a lingua franca and increases the probability of cognitive divergence between the parties engaged in the communication.D External Language Resources: A more rational and obvious response to the language barrier is to employ external resources such as translators and interpreters, and certainly there are many excellent companies specialized in these fields. However, such a response is by no means an end to the language barrier. For a start these services can be very expensive with a top Simultaneous Interpreter, commanding daily rates as high as a partner in an international consulting company. Secondly, any good translator or interpreter will insist that to be fully effective they must understand the context of the subject matter. This is not always possible. In some cases it is prohibited by the complexity or specialization of the topic. Sometimes by lack of preparation time but most often the obstacle i the reluctance of the parties to explain the wider context to an 'outsider". Another problem is that unless there has been considerable pre-explaining between the interpreter and his clients it is likely that there will be ambiguity and cultural overtones in the source messages the interpreter has to work with. They will of course endeavour to provide a hi-fidelity translation but in this circumstance the interpreter has to use initiative and guess work. This clearly injects a potential source of misunderstanding into the proceedings. Finally while a good interpreter will attempt to convey not only the meaning but also the spirit of any communication, there can be no doubt that there is a loss of rhetorical power when communications go through a third party. So in situations requiring negotiation, persuasion, humor etc. the use of an interpreter is a poor substitute for direct communication.E Training: The immediate and understandable reaction to any skills-shortage in a business is to consider personnel development and certainly the language training industry is well developed. Offering programs at almost every level and in numerous languages. However, without doubting the value of language training no company should be deluded into believing this to be assured of success. Training in most companies is geared to the economic cycle. When times are good, money is invested in training. When belts get tightened training is one of the first "luxuries" to be pared down. In a study conducted across four European countries, nearly twice as many companies said they needed language training in coming years as had conducted training in past years. This disparity between "good intentions" and "actual delivery", underlines the problems of relying upon training for language skills. Unless the company is totally committed to sustaining the strategy even though bad times, it will fail.F One notable and committed leader in the field of language training has been the VolkswagenGroup. They have developed a language strategy over many years and in many respects can beregarded as a model of how to manage language professionally. However, the Volkswagen approach underlines that language training has to be considered a strategic rather than a tacticalsolution. In their system to progress from "basics" to "communications competence" in a language requires the completion of 6 language stages each one demanding approximately 90 hours of refresher course, supported by many more hours of self study, spread over a 6-9 month period. The completion of each stage is marked by a post-stage achievement test, whichis a pre-requisite for continued training. So even this professionally managed program expects a minimum of three years of fairly intensive study to produce an accountant. Engineer, buyer or salesperson capable of working effectively in a foreign language. Clearly companies intending to pursue this route need to do so with realistic expectations and with the intention of sustaining the program over many years. Except in terms of "brush-up" courses for people who were previously fluent in a foreign language, training cannot be considered a quick fix and hence other methods will have to be considered.Questions 1-6Complete the following summary of the Whole Paragraphs of Reading Passage, choosing A-L wordsfrom the following options. Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.MNCs often encounter language barrier in their daily strategy, then they seek several approaches to solve such problems. First, native language gives them a realistic base in a different language speaking country, but problem turned up when they deal with oversea 1__________. For example, operation on translation of some key 2__________ , it is inevitable to generate differences by rules from different countries. Another way is to rely on a combination of spoken language and one-tenth business 3__________ , yet a report written that over 4__________ processed in a party language setting. Third way: hire translators. However, firstly it is 5___________, besides if they are not well-prepared, they have to take 6__________ work.A gestures B clients C transaction D assumption E accurate F documentsG managers H body language I long-term J effective K rivals L costlyQuestions 7-10Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBERfrom the passage for each answer.7 What does Volkswagen Group consider language training as in their company?8 How many stages are needed from basic course to advanced in training?9 How long does a refresher course need normally?10 At least how long is needed for a specific professional to acquire a foreign language?

Reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J.Choose the correct heading for Paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below. Write the correctnumber (i-x) in boxes 1-6on your answer sheet.List of HeadingExample paragraph A x1 Paragraph B2Paragraph C3Paragraph D4Paragraph E5Paragraph F6Paragraph GWhat Does the Consumer think?A MARKETING people are no longer prepared to take your word for it that you favour oneproduct over another. They want to scan your brain to see which one you really prefer. Using thetools of. Neuroscientists, such as electroencephalogram (EEG) mapping and functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI), they are trying to learn more about the mental processes behindpurchasing decisions. The resulting fusion of neuroscience and marketing is, inevitably, being called'neuromarketing'.B The first person to apply brain-imaging technology in this way was Gerry Zaltman of HarvardUniversity, in the late 1990s. The idea remained in obscurity until 2001, when Bright House, amarketing consultancy based in Atlanta, Georgia, set up a dedicated neuro marketing arm, (BrightHouse Neuro strategies Group. (Bright House lists Coca一Cola, Delta Airlines and Home Depot among its clients.) But the company's name may itself simply be an example of clever marketing.Bright House does not scan people while showing them specific products or campaign ideas, butbases its work on the results of more general fMRI一based research into consumer preferences anddecision一making carried out at Emory University in Atlanta.C Can brain scanning really be applied to marketing? The basic principle is not that different fromfocus groups and other traditional forms of market research. A volunteer lies in an fMRI machineand is shown images or video clips. In place of an interview or questionnaire, the subject'sresponse is evaluated by monitoring brain activity. fMRI provides real-time images of brainactivity, in which different areas 'light up' depending on the level of blood flow. This providesclues to the subject's subconscious thought patterns. Neuroscientists know, for example, that thesense of self is associatedwithan area of thebrain known as the medialprefrontal cortex. A flow of blood to that area while the subject is looking at a particular logosuggests that he or she identifies with that brand.D At first, it seemed that only companies in Europe were prepared to admit that they usedneuromarketing.Two carmakers, DaimIerChrysler in Germany and Ford's European arm, ran pilotstudies in 2003. But more recently, American companies have become more open about their useof neuromarketing. Lieberman Research Worldwide, a marketing firm based in Los Angeles, iscollaborating with the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to enable movie studios tomarket-test film trailers. More controversially, the New YorkTimes recently reported that a politicalconsultancy, FKF Research, has been studying the effectiveness of campaign commercials usingneuromarketing techniques.E Whether all this is any more than a modern-day version of phrenology, the Victorian obsessionwith linking lumps and bumps in the skull to personality traits, is unclear. There have been no large-scale Studies, so scans of a handful of subjects may not be a reliable Guide to consumer behaviourin general. Of course, focus groups and surveys are flawed too: strong personalities can steer theoutcomes of focus groups, and some people may be Untruthful in their responses to opinionpollsters. And even honest people cannot always explain their preferences.F That is perhaps where neuromarketing has the most potential. When asked about cola drinks,most people claim to have a favorite brand, but cannot say why they prefer that brand's taste. Anunpublished study of attitudes towards two well一known cola drinks, Brand A and Brand B, carried out last year in a college of medicine in the US found that most subjects preferred Brand B in a blindtesting一fMRI scanning showed that drinking Brand B lit up a region called the ventral putamen,which is one of the brain's 'reward centers far more brightly than Brand A. But when told whichdrink was which, most subjects said they preferred Brand A, which suggests that its stronger brandoutweighs the more pleasant taste of the other drink.G 'People form many unconscious attitudes that are obviously beyond traditional methods thatutilize introspection says Steven Quartz, a neuroscientist at Caltech who is collaborating withLieberman Research. With over 100 billion dollars spent each year on marketing in America alone, any firm that can more accurately analyses how customers respond to brands could make a fortune.H Consumer advocates are wary. Gary Ruskin of Commercial Alert, a lobby group, thinks existing marketing techniques are powerful enough. Already, marketing is deeply implicated in many serious pathologies’, he says. 'That is especially true of children, who are suffering from an epidem of marketing-related diseases, including obesity and type-2 diabetes. Neuromarketing is a tool to amplify these trends.' Dr. Quartz counters that neuromarketing techniques could equally be usefor benign purposes. 'There are ways to utilize these technologies to create more responsible advertising, he says. Brain一scanning could, for example, be used to determine when people are capable of making free choices, to ensure that advertising falls within those bounds.I Another worry is that brain-scanning is an invasion of privacy and that information on thepreferences of specific individuals will be misused. But neuromarketing studies rely on small numbers of volunteer subjects, so that seems implausible. Critics also object to the use of medicequipment for frivolous rather than medical purposes. But as Tim Ambler, a neuromarketirresearcher at the London Business School, says, 'A tool is a tool, and if the owner of the tool getsdecent rent for hiring it out, then that subsidizes the cost of the equipment, and everybody winsPerhapsmore brain-scanning willsomeday explain why some people like the idea of neuromarketing, but others do not.Question 7-10Complete the summary below using words from the passage. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from thepassage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes7-10onyour answer sheet.Neuromarketing can provide valuable information on attitudes to particular 7........................ Itmay be more reliable than surveys, where people can be 8........................, or focus groups, wherethey may be influenced by others. It also allows researchers to identify the subject's9........................thought patterns. However, some people are concerned that it could lead toproblems such as an increase in disease among 10........................

Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage。Losing your ability to think and remember is pretty scary。 We know the risk of dementia （痴呆） increases with age。 But if you have memory slips， you probably needn’t worry。 There are pretty clear differences between signs of dementia and age-related memory loss。After age 50， it’s quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people， places and thing quickly， says Dr。 Kirk Daffner of Brigham and Woman’s Hospital in Boston。The brain ages just like the rest of the body。 Certain parts shrink， especially areas in the brain that are important to learning， memory and planning。 Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain。 And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow。Forgetting the name of an actor in a favorite movie， for example， is nothing to worry about。 But if you forget the plot of the movie or don’t remember even seeing it， that’s far more concerning， Daffner says。When you forget entire experiences， he says， that’s “a red flag that something more serious may be involved。” Forgetting how to operate a familiar object like a microwave oven， or forgetting how to drive to the house of a friend you’ve visited many times before can also be signs of something going wrong。But even then， Daffner says， people shouldn’t panic。 There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss， including health problems like temporary stoppage ofDefense against memory loss is to try to prevent it by building up your brain’s cognitive （认知的） reserve， Daffner says。“Read books， go to movies， take on new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways，” he says。 In other words， keep your brain busy and working。 And also get physically active， because exercise is a known brain booster。46。 Why does the author say that one needn’t be concerned about memory slips？A） Not all of them are symptoms of dementia。B） They occur only among certain groups of people。C） Not all of them are related to one’s age。D） They are quite common among fifty-year-olds。47。 What happens as we become aged according to the passage？A） Our interaction skills deteriorate。B） Some parts of our brain stop functioning。C） Communication within our brain weakens。D） Our whole brain starts shrinking。48。 Which memory-related symptom should people take seriously？A） Totally forgetting how to do one’s daily routines。B） Inability to recall details of one’s life experiences。C） Failure to remember the names of movies or actors。D） Occasionally confusing the addresses of one’s friends。49。 What should people do when signs of serious memory loss show up？A） Check the brain’s cognitive reserve。 C） Turn to a professional for assistance。B） Stop medications affecting memory。 D） Exercise to improve their well-being。50。 What is Dr Daffner’s advice for combating memory loss？A） Having regular physical and mental checkups。B） Taking medicine that helps boost one’s brain。C） Engaging in known memory repair activities。D） Staying active both physically and mentally。20分一题

Entering the competition is easy. Simply send us a brief report (up to 500 words) on how you used a Teachit resource effectively in the classroom or IT room. It could be that you changed our resources to fit your pupils, you used some Teachit materials online withyour class in the IT room or that you found one of the Teachit worksheets really made your pupils create some great work. Whatever your experience we’d like to hear from you. Please remember to include the following information as well:1.The resource or resources you used2.The age and ability group you were teaching3.Your full name andemail address.We look forward to hearing from your stories. The entries will be judged by our team of editors and the winners will be announced in January. Remember to email us your story by the 24th, December.

Amway (China) Daily Necessities Company LimitedAmway is a leading international company engaged in daily necessities（必需品）with an annual sale of 1.6 billion US dollars worldwide. We are lookingfor qualified personnel to fill the following positions in our Beijing Office.1.Purchasing ManagerlCollege diploma（文凭）with technical backgroundlAt least 3 years’experience in the field of chemical and packaging materialslAble to work independently and to set up purchasing procedureslGood computer skillslExcellent negotiation（谈判）techniqueslFluent in English, but not essential2.Personnel ManagerlCollege diploma in Human Resources ManagementlAt least 2 years’experience in Human Resources ManagementlGoodcomputerskillslFluent in English3.Sales ManagerlCollege diplomalKnowledge in product saleslFluent in EnglishlActive and hard-working1. What line of products is Amway engaged in?.2. What skills should a purchasing manager have?Good .3. What foreign language should the personnel manager speak fluently?_____________.4. What qualities should a candidate have if he wants to be the sales manager?He must be active and _____________.5. How many positions does the company offer in the advertisement?_____________.

According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?

A. The questions a reporter prepares to ask are fixed.
B. A reporter must be able to tell when people are lying.
C. Listening is a very important skill for a reporter.
D. Zhou Yang’s colleagues are willing to help each other.