
- Who should be responsible for the death of Everett Emerson Hatcher according to the passage
- 与张某(男)均为21岁,原是同班同学的一对恋人,后李某因张某不思进取而与其分手,不久李某又与某机关干部王某相恋。对此张某十分恼火,他利用负责到收发室收取信件的便利条件,截获了王某写给李某的情书,私自拆开并在班里传阅,李某遂向所在地区的公安机关提起控告,此案经公安机关侦查终结认为张某的行为已构成侵犯通信自由罪,并移送该区人民检察院审查起诉。检察院审查后认为,张某私自拆开他人信件,但并未造成严重后果,因此对张某作出撤销案件的决定。 仅就程序而言,检察机关对公安机关移送起诉的案件,能否作出撤销案件的决定______。
- A—office pin B—office clock C—pen holder D—notepaper E—globe F—stapler G—memo holder H—paper fastener I—tape dispenser J—letter opener K—business card L—pencil sharpener M—paper cutter N—book stand O—plastic—envelop machine P—document cabinet Q—stationery rack R—photo frame S—correction tap T—desk accessories ( )名片 ( )书立
- What should be done to keep the drug supply and drug flow under strict control
- The Esky, a great Australian invention—it’ s about as important to the Australian household as a BBQ(吃烧烤的野餐). How else would we move our carefully prepared food and drink around without having it spoilt. Though it is a regular problem with Esky, you also need to plan. If you haven’ t had a freeze pack, then you’ ll need to go out and buy a bag of ice ( maybe even several bags of ice). Get a Portable Mini Fridge and you’ 11 save on the bags of ice as well as a good deal on cleaning time. The Portable Mini Fridge requires a 12V DC supply, and you’ 11 find this thermo electric cooler the best thing invented since sliced bread (near enough anyway). One thing this car fridge has over your average Esky—it’ll warm to 60—65℃...and it does all this without any environmental pollution. Apart from basic cleaning, this thermo electric warmer is largely non-wearing and maintenance-free. At last, an affordable mini fridge for your car or boat will help save those green vegetables or fruits better, also it will keep the shape of an ice cream, this may help you feel very happy. What is Esky from the context
- Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- 咳喘宁口服液的使用注意是
- We couldn’t afford to buy a house, so we ___________________(以银行代款的方式买下来,每月付款).
- 某企业(位于A市甲区)与某修理厂(位于A市乙区)于该市丙区订立了一份汽车修理合同,约定由该修理厂为该企业修理一辆卡车,修理费5000元,于汽车修理完毕后该企业领取汽车时支付。后来,汽车在该修理厂位于该市丁区的一个修理点修理完毕。该企业前去领取汽车时,称其资金困难,过一个月再支付修理费。但修理厂不同意,并不让该企业取走汽车。一个月后,该企业仍未支付修理费。修理厂在多次索要未果的情况下,向法院起诉。 如果该修理厂先后向该市甲、乙、丙、丁区人民法院提起诉讼,则该案应当由______法院管辖。
- Colin Angle considers robots are not so different as to ______.
- Passage One The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, but how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more alive. The computer makes possible a gigantic leap in human proficiency; it demolishes the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know how they really are, to identify their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it is now. Electronic brains can reduce the profusion (繁多) of dead ends involved in research. But they can’t connect a man to the things he has to be connected to: the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth in himself; the memory of the race and the rights of the next generation. The reason why these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight. Unobstructed access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead. Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unattended. They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials trying to be processed into the texture of logic. It requires a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can provide a correct number, but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced. To the extent, then, that man fails to make the distinction between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision and conscience, the computer could prove an irrelevance. It could obscure man’s awareness of the need to come to terms with himself. It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones. It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. If we begin with certainties, we shall end in doubts, but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties. (417 words) Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards computer
- Where Have All the People Gone Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares — one third of Italy’s farmland — that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. "We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of." Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around. (1,150 words) The governments’ polices to attract new residents and slow depopulation process might become futile once ______ .
- Earthquakes are probably one of the most frightening anddestructive happenings of nature that man experiences. Theyhave caused the death of many human beings, much sufferingand greatly damage to property. Today, the study of earthquake 62.______has grown greatly with scientists all over the world 63.______investigating the causes of earthquakes. Scientists hope that theirstudies will improve ways of predicting earthquakes and alsodevelop ways to reduce its destructive effects. 64.______ The scientific study of earthquakes is fairly new. Until the18th century many factual descriptions of earthquakes were 65.______recorded. In general, people did not understand the cause ofearthquakes. Many believe they were a punishment from God 66.______and a warning for them to repent (忏悔). One early theory wasthat earthquakes were caused by air rushed out the caves deep in the 67.______interior of the earth. On Nov.1,1755, a serious earthquake occurred near Lisbon,Portugal. Shocks from the quake had felt in many parts of the world. 68.______After the quake, Portuguese priests were asked to observe and tomake written records. These records were the first system attempt 69.______to document the effects of an earthquake. Since that time, detailedrecords have been kept to almost every major earthquakes. 70.______ Currently, scientists are making studies to enable them topredict earthquakes. But at the present time, the ability to predict thetime, place, and size of earthquakes are very limited. 71.______
- 2003年7月28日,甲县国税局根据举报派人到城区向阳五金店检查,查实该店上月隐瞒收入少缴税款1420.20元。8月11日,甲县国税局依法作出并送达《税务处理决定书》,责令该店于8月26日前缴清税款及滞纳金。尽管该店认为自己没有少缴税,但仍于8月15日按规定缴纳了全部税款及滞纳金。8月18日,乙市国税局收到了该店提出的复议申请。之后,甲县国税局出于慎重办案、弄清事实之考虑,自行派人三次到向阳五金店核查实际营业额情况并取得相应证据材料数份。9月15日乙市国税局复议决定维持原税务处理决定。向阳五金店不服,向甲县人民法院提起行政诉讼。经公开审理,甲县人民法院判决维持原税务处理决定,并以构成偷税为由判决给予向阳五金店少缴税款5倍的罚款,即7101元罚款的处罚。法院同时查明,甲县国税局6月曾发出通告,规定城区各五金店业主必须于7月1日前到县工商银行储蓄所办理划拨税款存款专户,未办理专户或未在专户内按时存入足够金额的,处以2000元以上10000元以下的罚款。 甲县国税局发出的有关通告,其违法之处主要在于______。
- Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
- This passage is mainly about the development and safety of robots.
- John’s actual performance did not confirm the belief that ___________________(高分应该是学术能力的证明).
- 2003年7月28日,甲县国税局根据举报派人到城区向阳五金店检查,查实该店上月隐瞒收入少缴税款1420.20元。8月11日,甲县国税局依法作出并送达《税务处理决定书》,责令该店于8月26日前缴清税款及滞纳金。尽管该店认为自己没有少缴税,但仍于8月15日按规定缴纳了全部税款及滞纳金。8月18日,乙市国税局收到了该店提出的复议申请。之后,甲县国税局出于慎重办案、弄清事实之考虑,自行派人三次到向阳五金店核查实际营业额情况并取得相应证据材料数份。9月15日乙市国税局复议决定维持原税务处理决定。向阳五金店不服,向甲县人民法院提起行政诉讼。经公开审理,甲县人民法院判决维持原税务处理决定,并以构成偷税为由判决给予向阳五金店少缴税款5倍的罚款,即7101元罚款的处罚。法院同时查明,甲县国税局6月曾发出通告,规定城区各五金店业主必须于7月1日前到县工商银行储蓄所办理划拨税款存款专户,未办理专户或未在专户内按时存入足够金额的,处以2000元以上10000元以下的罚款。 本案复议期间,甲县国税局派人到向阳五金店,进一步核实情况并收集证据数份,则______。
- Commonsense principles are applied to the design of toasters, lawn mowers and mobile phones to ______.
- 某企业(位于A市甲区)与某修理厂(位于A市乙区)于该市丙区订立了一份汽车修理合同,约定由该修理厂为该企业修理一辆卡车,修理费5000元,于汽车修理完毕后该企业领取汽车时支付。后来,汽车在该修理厂位于该市丁区的一个修理点修理完毕。该企业前去领取汽车时,称其资金困难,过一个月再支付修理费。但修理厂不同意,并不让该企业取走汽车。一个月后,该企业仍未支付修理费。修理厂在多次索要未果的情况下,向法院起诉。 如果该修理厂不起诉,则其可以通过______方式实行其债权。
- 下列程序段的执行结果是 【14】 。x=Int(Rnd+4)Select Case XCase 5 Print"优秀"Case 4 Print"良好"Case 3 Print"合格"Case ElsePrint"不合格" End Select
- Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- The technology in new automobiles changes so rapidly ______ (以至于今天的车比五年前生产的车要先进得多).
- 某企业(位于A市甲区)与某修理厂(位于A市乙区)于该市丙区订立了一份汽车修理合同,约定由该修理厂为该企业修理一辆卡车,修理费5000元,于汽车修理完毕后该企业领取汽车时支付。后来,汽车在该修理厂位于该市丁区的一个修理点修理完毕。该企业前去领取汽车时,称其资金困难,过一个月再支付修理费。但修理厂不同意,并不让该企业取走汽车。一个月后,该企业仍未支付修理费。修理厂在多次索要未果的情况下,向法院起诉。 如果在该案的审理过程中,该企业拒不出庭,则该案应当______。
- Researchers are getting more and more interested in making ______.
- 2003年7月28日,甲县国税局根据举报派人到城区向阳五金店检查,查实该店上月隐瞒收入少缴税款1420.20元。8月11日,甲县国税局依法作出并送达《税务处理决定书》,责令该店于8月26日前缴清税款及滞纳金。尽管该店认为自己没有少缴税,但仍于8月15日按规定缴纳了全部税款及滞纳金。8月18日,乙市国税局收到了该店提出的复议申请。之后,甲县国税局出于慎重办案、弄清事实之考虑,自行派人三次到向阳五金店核查实际营业额情况并取得相应证据材料数份。9月15日乙市国税局复议决定维持原税务处理决定。向阳五金店不服,向甲县人民法院提起行政诉讼。经公开审理,甲县人民法院判决维持原税务处理决定,并以构成偷税为由判决给予向阳五金店少缴税款5倍的罚款,即7101元罚款的处罚。法院同时查明,甲县国税局6月曾发出通告,规定城区各五金店业主必须于7月1日前到县工商银行储蓄所办理划拨税款存款专户,未办理专户或未在专户内按时存入足够金额的,处以2000元以上10000元以下的罚款。 若向阳五金店当初以资金紧张为由只缴纳部分税款就申请复议,则______。
- The fire was gaining on us,and there was ______ (除了祈祷外我们无能为力).
- 马某与赵某系生意上的朋友。2002年7月8日,两人在饭店喝酒,马某说起现在生意难做,不讲信义的人越来越多。赵某随声附和。一向爱开玩笑的马某说:“老兄,凭咱们的关系,我就是给你张借条玩玩都放心。”马某随即写了“今借赵某人民币6 000元”的字条,签署自己的姓名后放在饭桌上。不料。几月后,马某收到法院送达的起诉状;方知赵某竟以该“借条”为据将他起诉到了法院,要求他偿还借款6 000元。法院审理后认为,马某向赵某出具了借据。又没有证据证明自己非出于真实意思表示,故双方债权债务关系成立。支持赵某的诉讼请求。 请根据法理学的有关知识和原理,谈谈你对法院判决的认识。
- How much of ___________________(你们国家的电力供应来源于水力发电)
- According to John Hallam, who should be responsible for the harm done by robots in the future will not be so ______ as it is now.
- There are two basic ways to see growth: One as a product, the other as a process. People have (36) viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by (37) it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they (38) new experiences and unexpected (39) In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to (40) the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a (41) to take risks, to (42) the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is (43) to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious (44) Do we think we’re shy and indecisive (45) Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. (46) If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
- 尿沉渣结晶中 酪氨酸和亮氨酸结晶可见于
- 与张某(男)均为21岁,原是同班同学的一对恋人,后李某因张某不思进取而与其分手,不久李某又与某机关干部王某相恋。对此张某十分恼火,他利用负责到收发室收取信件的便利条件,截获了王某写给李某的情书,私自拆开并在班里传阅,李某遂向所在地区的公安机关提起控告,此案经公安机关侦查终结认为张某的行为已构成侵犯通信自由罪,并移送该区人民检察院审查起诉。检察院审查后认为,张某私自拆开他人信件,但并未造成严重后果,因此对张某作出撤销案件的决定。 假设检察院对张某作了不起诉决定,被害人李某如果不服,她______。
- According to Mrs. Reagan, if you are one of the consumers of drug, it equals that ______.
- Passage One The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, but how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more alive. The computer makes possible a gigantic leap in human proficiency; it demolishes the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know how they really are, to identify their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it is now. Electronic brains can reduce the profusion (繁多) of dead ends involved in research. But they can’t connect a man to the things he has to be connected to: the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth in himself; the memory of the race and the rights of the next generation. The reason why these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight. Unobstructed access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead. Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unattended. They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials trying to be processed into the texture of logic. It requires a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can provide a correct number, but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced. To the extent, then, that man fails to make the distinction between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision and conscience, the computer could prove an irrelevance. It could obscure man’s awareness of the need to come to terms with himself. It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones. It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. If we begin with certainties, we shall end in doubts, but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties. (417 words) In a computerized age, which one of the following should be given priority to
- Indeed,it ______ (正是总裁在投资问题上的仓促决定)eventually led to the bankruptcy of our corporation.
- Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
- Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
- Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- Robots for industrial applications appeared earlier than those for domestic uses.
- Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- Where Have All the People Gone Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares — one third of Italy’s farmland — that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. "We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of." Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around. (1,150 words) ______ are two examples of finding creative ways to keeping up services for the rapidly aging population in rural Europe.
- With self-learning mechanisms built in, the future robots will behave ______.
- Passage One The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, but how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more alive. The computer makes possible a gigantic leap in human proficiency; it demolishes the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know how they really are, to identify their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it is now. Electronic brains can reduce the profusion (繁多) of dead ends involved in research. But they can’t connect a man to the things he has to be connected to: the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth in himself; the memory of the race and the rights of the next generation. The reason why these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight. Unobstructed access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead. Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unattended. They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials trying to be processed into the texture of logic. It requires a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can provide a correct number, but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced. To the extent, then, that man fails to make the distinction between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision and conscience, the computer could prove an irrelevance. It could obscure man’s awareness of the need to come to terms with himself. It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones. It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. If we begin with certainties, we shall end in doubts, but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties. (417 words) From the first two paragraphs we may infer that the author thinks one of the computer’s limitations is that ______ .
- Passage Two Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which our lives rest. If birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every act. Human beings, in a similar way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures. As long as people remain blind to the sources of cultural norms, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual mentality that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective mentality that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others. It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some have little opportunity for wider cultural experiences, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others avoid such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for those who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings to communicate with, there are still difficulties. Cultural near-sightedness persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these cultural processes is awkward, since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations. (437 words) The examples of birds and fish are used to ______ .
- 小张、小李、小王三人共同出资依法成立科星科技开发有限责任公司。小张、小李、小王各自出资情况如下:小张以科技开发所需设备出资,折合人民币8万元;小李以现金出资人民币 12万元;小王以自己的一项方法发明专利技术出资,折合人民币4万元。 若公司经营不景气,发生对外债务150万元,则______。
- Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- 解释谚语 2.结合现实举例论证 3.珍惜时光,从现在做起 Idle Young, Needy Old
- For customers with shopping carts, ___________________(超市的自动门方便了他们出入).
- Mr. Angle says a heterogeneous swarm of robots will take care of the house instead of ______.
- Hardly had Mike found his passport ___________________(他就发现护照三个月前就已至期了).
- Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
- Where Have All the People Gone Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares — one third of Italy’s farmland — that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. "We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of." Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around. (1,150 words) Largely because of very low birth rate, ______ of farmland in Italy has already been abandoned.
- 《唐律疏议名例》规定,“诸断罪而无正条者,其应出罪者,则举重以明轻;其应人罪者,则举重以明轻。”
- According to the passage, it is typical of homicide criminals in many cities in USA to be ______.
- Passage One The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, but how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more alive. The computer makes possible a gigantic leap in human proficiency; it demolishes the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know how they really are, to identify their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it is now. Electronic brains can reduce the profusion (繁多) of dead ends involved in research. But they can’t connect a man to the things he has to be connected to: the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth in himself; the memory of the race and the rights of the next generation. The reason why these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight. Unobstructed access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead. Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unattended. They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials trying to be processed into the texture of logic. It requires a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can provide a correct number, but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced. To the extent, then, that man fails to make the distinction between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision and conscience, the computer could prove an irrelevance. It could obscure man’s awareness of the need to come to terms with himself. It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones. It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. If we begin with certainties, we shall end in doubts, but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties. (417 words) The author sees the computer as ______ .
- Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
- Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- 中性粒细胞参考范围是
- Passage Two Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which our lives rest. If birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every act. Human beings, in a similar way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures. As long as people remain blind to the sources of cultural norms, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual mentality that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective mentality that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others. It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some have little opportunity for wider cultural experiences, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others avoid such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for those who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings to communicate with, there are still difficulties. Cultural near-sightedness persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these cultural processes is awkward, since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations. (437 words) Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
- Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- Passage Two Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which our lives rest. If birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every act. Human beings, in a similar way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures. As long as people remain blind to the sources of cultural norms, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual mentality that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective mentality that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others. It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some have little opportunity for wider cultural experiences, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others avoid such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for those who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings to communicate with, there are still difficulties. Cultural near-sightedness persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these cultural processes is awkward, since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations. (437 words) The underlined word "parochialism" in the third paragraph can best be replaced by ______ .
- Where Have All the People Gone Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares — one third of Italy’s farmland — that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. "We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of." Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around. (1,150 words) Besides low birth rate, ______ is another factor that fuels the trend of rural population in parts of Europe.
- 角色扮演的基本过程有哪些
- It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child’s batman cape cautions that toy "does not enable user to fly". While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for instance — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sportswear in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines stating that companies need not warn customers of various dangers or bombard (轰炸) them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buries in a sea of trivialities." says a law professor at Comell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. "The information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability." (365 words) In the 1980s, when accidents happened, injured customers could ______ .
- 简述贝克的认知治疗过程。
- 患儿,男,3岁,6个月起口唇青紫,渐加重,常蹲踞。胸骨左缘第3肋间可闻及2级收缩期杂音,P2减弱,有杵状指(趾)。 昏厥的原因是
- Where Have All the People Gone Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares — one third of Italy’s farmland — that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. "We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of." Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around. (1,150 words) Some attractive rural regions not far from the cities are witnessing a certain ______ , as more and more childless seniors move towards cities.
- 下列是有关我国国情的部分材料: “我国人口占世界人口的22%,而耕地只占世界耕地的7%。从1980年到1996年,粮食产量增长 52.9%,但由于人口增长24%,人均占有粮食只增长23%,近几年每年净减少耕地面积在300万至500万亩左右,据有关部门测算,目前受水土流失危害的耕地占耕地总面积的1/3,过去10年沙化土地占国土面积的15.9%;由于过度采伐,现有森林覆盖面积占全国面积的13.4%;由于水资源短缺,部分城市缺水现象严重。在全国500个城市中,有300多个城市缺水,其中40多个城市严重缺水。在资源相对不足的情况下,又存在着大量的使用浪费,而且对资源的再生利用又不重视,废钢铁和废有色金属回收利用率只有30%,大大低于经济发达国家60%一80%的水平。” 请回答: (1)结合上述材料,说明历史唯物论关于自然环境是社会存在和发展的必要条件的原理。 (2)结合上述材料,说明历史唯物论关于人口是社会存在和发展的必要条件的原理。 (3)综合上述材料,说明我国在现代化建设中必须实施什么样的战略。
- It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child’s batman cape cautions that toy "does not enable user to fly". While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for instance — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sportswear in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines stating that companies need not warn customers of various dangers or bombard (轰炸) them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buries in a sea of trivialities." says a law professor at Comell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. "The information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability." (365 words) The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that recently some injury claims ______ .
- Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- 认知理论家常用的,对学习认知疗法有重要意义的基本观点有哪些
- Where Have All the People Gone Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares — one third of Italy’s farmland — that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. "We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of." Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around. (1,150 words) The general view of Europe is likely to change from cultivated farm-land to growing shrubs and forests with species-poor wildlife such as wildcats, bears, deer and wolves.
- Passage Two Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which our lives rest. If birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every act. Human beings, in a similar way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures. As long as people remain blind to the sources of cultural norms, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual mentality that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective mentality that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others. It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some have little opportunity for wider cultural experiences, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others avoid such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for those who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings to communicate with, there are still difficulties. Cultural near-sightedness persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these cultural processes is awkward, since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations. (437 words) Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
- All his friends congratulated him ______ (听说他获得了演讲比赛一等奖).
- Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
- It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child’s batman cape cautions that toy "does not enable user to fly". While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for instance — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sportswear in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines stating that companies need not warn customers of various dangers or bombard (轰炸) them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buries in a sea of trivialities." says a law professor at Comell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. "The information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability." (365 words) Manufacturers mentioned in the passage were obliged to make the best of warning labels sb as to ______ .
- Where Have All the People Gone Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares — one third of Italy’s farmland — that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. "We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of." Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around. (1,150 words) Many rural regions in Europe, such as the Greek village of Prastos, are plagued with environmental hazards as more and more fields lay unattended.
- Where Have All the People Gone Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rate and rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares — one third of Italy’s farmland — that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities are seeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. "We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of." Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around. (1,150 words) The current rural depopulation in Europe is the result of long-term emigration and industrialization.
1今日累计人数
1在线人数