超星 - Test 14 - 查题吧

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Which of the following statements about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are correct?

A. Unlike ECT, in which electrical stimulation is more generalized, rTMS can be targeted to a specific site in the brain.
B. Scientists believe that focusing on a specific site in the brain reduces the chance for the types of side effects associated with ECT.
C. rTMS uses a magnet to activate the brain.
D. First developed in 1985, rTMS has been studied as a treatment for depression, psychosis, anxiety, and other disorders.

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Which of the following statements about deep brain stimulation (DBS) are right?

A. In the case of depression, the first area of the brain targeted by DBS is called Area 25, or the subgenual cingulate cortex.
B. In DBS, stimulation is continuous and its frequency and level are customized to the individual.
C. DBS was first developed as a treatment for Parkinson's disease to reduce tremor, stiffness, walking problems and uncontrollable movements.
D. In DBS, a pair of electrodes is implanted in the liver and controlled by a generator that is implanted in the chest.

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Which of the following statements about magnetic seizure therapy (MST) are correct?

A. Unlike rTMS, MST aims to induce a seizure like ECSo the pulses are given at a higher frequency than that used in rTMS.
B. The goal of MST is to retain the effectiveness of ECT while reducing its cognitive side effects.
C. Like rTMS, MST uses magnetic pulses instead of electricity to stimulate a precise target in the brain.
D. MST borrows certain aspects from both ECT & rTMS.

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Which of the following statements about brain stimulation therapies are right?

A. Brain stimulation therapies mainly include deep brain stimulation (DBS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), & magnetic seizure therapy (MST).
B. While these types of therapies are less frequently used than medication & psychotherapies, they hold promise for treating certain mental disorders that do not respond to other treatments.
C. Brain stimulation therapies involve activating or inhibiting the brain directly with electricity.
D. The electricity can be given directly by electrodes implanted in the brain, or noninvasively through electrodes placed on the scalp.

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High priorities for the BRAIN Initiative are:

A. discovering diversity
B. maps at multiple scales
C. the brain in action
D. demonstrating causality

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HighprioritiesfortheBRAINInitiativeare:

A. discoveringdiversity
B. identifying fundamental principles
C. advancing human neuroscience
D. from BRAIN Initiative to the brain

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CoreprinciplesfortheBRAINInitiativeare:

A. pursuehumanstudiesandnon-humanmodelsinparallel
B. crossboundariesininterdisciplinarycollaborations
C. integratespatialandtemporalscales
D. establishplatformsforsharingdata

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CoreprinciplesfortheBRAINInitiativeare:

A. pursuehumanstudiesandnon-humanmodelsinparallel
B. validate and disseminate technology
C. consider ethical implications of neuroscience research
D. accountability to NIH, the taxpayer, and the basic, translational, and clinical neuroscience communities

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Ethical issues with BRAIN Initiative are:

A. What benchmarks should be adopted for testing new methods before they are put to use with humans, and who should make such decisions?
B. What level of antecedent evidence is necessary to justify translating preclinical research into work with human subjects?
C. When contemplating testing new methods in people who have brain disorders and diseases, what is the best way to balance decision-making between the patient and legal surrogate in deciding on an acceptable level of risk?
D. Can we maintain social justice when new expensive drugs and therapies are discovered and used in patients with neurodegenerative diseases?

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When integrating ethics into neurological research, the key ethical issues are:

A. How might a clinician best determine a patient's competence for understanding the risks and benefits before deciding to participate in research? How can a patient consent to participate in research if the disease affects the very organ that grants consent?
B. Once a patient is involved in a research study, what are best practices for managing unexpected physical or perceived nonphysical harm?
C. Who should control devices that affect mood and the brain’s reward systems? The patient? The doctor?
D. If a device is placed in the brain as part of a research study, what is a researcher's responsibility for continued care of the patient and upkeep of the device? Who owns the data collected by such devices?

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