超星 - Test 14 - 查题吧

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An ECT procedure involves the following steps:

A. Electrodes are placed at precise locations on the head.
B. Through the electrodes, an electric current passes through the brain, causing a seizure that lasts generally less than one minute.
C. Because the patient is under anesthesia & has taken a muscle relaxant, it is not painful & the patient cannot feel the electrical impulses.
D. Five to ten minutes after the procedure ends, the patient awakens. He or she may feel groggy at first as the anesthesia wears off. But after about an hour, the patient usually is alert & can resume normal activities.

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In 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved VNS for use in treating treatment-resistant depression in certain circumstances:

A. If the patient is 18 years of age or over; and
B. If the illness has lasted two years or more; and
C. if it is severe or recurrent; and
D. if the depression has not eased after trying at least four other treatments.

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Potential side effects of vagus nerve stimulation include:

A. voice changes or hoarseness, cough or sore throat
B. neck pain, discomfort or tingling in the area where the device is implanted
C. breathing problems, especially during exercise
D. difficulty swallowing

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Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutneurosciencearecorrect?

A. Neuroscienceisamultidisciplinarysciencethatisconcernedwiththestudyofthestructure&functionofthenervoussystem.Itencompassestheevolution,development,cellularandmolecularbiology,physiology,anatomy&pharmacologyofthenervoussystem,aswellascomputational,behavioral&cognitiveneuroscience.
B. Neuroscienceisaninterdisciplinarysciencethatworkscloselywithotherdisciplines,suchasmathematics,linguistics,engineering,computerscience,chemistry,philosophy,psychology,&medicine.
C. Neuroscientistsstudythecellular,functional,behavioral,evolutionary,computational,molecular,cellular,andmedicalaspectsofthenervoussystem.Therearevariousfieldsthatfocusondifferentaspects,buttheyneveroverlap.
D. Neuroscientistsfocusonthebrain&itsimpactonbehavior&cognitivefunctions,orhowpeoplethink.Theyalsoinvestigatewhathappenstothenervoussystemwhenpeoplehaveneurological,psychiatric,&neurodevelopmentaldisorders.

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Which of the following statements about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are right?

A. ECT is also known as electroshock therapy, consisting of short bursts of electricity administered to the patient's brain.
B. In an ECT session, the patient is anesthetized & given muscle relaxants. ECT is the best studied brain stimulation therapy and has the shortest history of use.
C. It is used to treat severe drug-refractory depression, and it may also be medically indicated in other mental disorders, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
D. It also may be used in life-threatening circumstances, such as when a patient is unable to move or respond to the outside world (e.g., catatonia), is suicidal, or is malnourished as a result of severe depression.

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Which of the following statements about neuroeconomics are right?

A. Neuroeconomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision making, the ability to process multiple alternatives, & to follow a course of action.
B. Many economic behaviors are not fully explained by these models, such as heuristics & framing. Behavioral economics emerged to account for these anomalies by integrating social, cognitive, & emotional factors in understanding economic decisions.
C. t combines research from neuroscience, experimental, & behavioral economics, & cognitive & social psychology. As research into decision-making behavior becomes increasingly computational, it has also incorporated new approaches from theoretical biology, computer science, & mathematics.
D. It studies how economic behavior can shape our understanding of the brain, & how neuroscientific discoveries can constrain & guide models of economics.

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Which of the following statements about neuromarketing are correct?

A. In 1999, Zaltman began to use the fMRI to show correlations between consumer brain activity & marketing stimuli.
B. Professor Gerald Zaltman patented the Zaltman metaphor elicitation technique (ZMET) in the 1990s with the purpose to sell advertising. ZMET explored the human subconscious with specially selected sets of images that cause a positive emotional response & activate hidden images, metaphors stimulating the purchase.
C. Neuromarketing is a marketing communication field that applies neuropsychology to marketing research, studying consumers' sensorimotor, cognitive, & affective response to marketing stimuli.
D. The term 'neuromarketing' was first published in 2002 in an article by Ale Smidts in BrightHouse, a marketing firm based in Atlanta.

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Which of the following statemens about brain-computer interface (BCI) are right?

A. Professor Phillip Kennedy built the first intracortical brain–computer interface by implanting neurotrophic-cone electrodes into monkeys in 1987.
BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. Research on BCIs began in the 1970s at UCLA under a grant from the National Science Foundation.
C. The history of BCIs starts with Hans Berger's discovery of the electrical activity of the human brain and the development of electroencephalography (EEG).
D. A BCI, sometimes called a neural-control interface (NCI), mind-machine interface (MMI), direct neural interface (DNI), or brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain & an external device.

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Which of the following statements about the spinal cord are right?

A. Two spinal nerves branch from each segment of the spinal cord. Different spinal nerves perform different functions.
B. The spinal cord consists of 31 segments that span ～43 cm in length in women & 45 cm in men.
C. It is a conduit for motor information that travels down the spinal cord, a conduit for sensory information that travels up the spinal cord & a center to coordinate reflexes.
D. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits information between the brain & the peripheral nervous system.

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Which of the following statements about vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) are right?

A. The vagus nerves carry messages from the brain to the body's major organs (e.g. heart, lungs & intestines) & to areas of the brain that control mood, sleep, & other functions.
B. Using brain scans, scientists found that the VNS device affected areas of the brain that are involved in mood regulation.
C. VNS was originally developed as a treatment for cancer.
D. VNS had favorable effects on mood, especially depressive symptoms.

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