An ECT procedure involves the following steps:
A. Electrodes are placed at precise locations on the head.
B. Through the electrodes, an electric current passes through the brain, causing a seizure that lasts generally less than one minute.
C. Because the patient is under anesthesia & has taken a muscle relaxant, it is not painful & the patient cannot feel the electrical impulses.
D. Five to ten minutes after the procedure ends, the patient awakens. He or she may feel groggy at first as the anesthesia wears off. But after about an hour, the patient usually is alert & can resume normal activities.
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In 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved VNS for use in treating treatment-resistant depression in certain circumstances:
A. If the patient is 18 years of age or over; and
B. If the illness has lasted two years or more; and
C. if it is severe or recurrent; and
D. if the depression has not eased after trying at least four other treatments.
Potential side effects of vagus nerve stimulation include:
A. voice changes or hoarseness, cough or sore throat
B. neck pain, discomfort or tingling in the area where the device is implanted
C. breathing problems, especially during exercise
D. difficulty swallowing
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutneurosciencearecorrect?
A. Neuroscienceisamultidisciplinarysciencethatisconcernedwiththestudyofthestructure&functionofthenervoussystem.Itencompassestheevolution,development,cellularandmolecularbiology,physiology,anatomy&pharmacologyofthenervoussystem,aswellascomputational,behavioral&cognitiveneuroscience.
B. Neuroscienceisaninterdisciplinarysciencethatworkscloselywithotherdisciplines,suchasmathematics,linguistics,engineering,computerscience,chemistry,philosophy,psychology,&medicine.
C. Neuroscientistsstudythecellular,functional,behavioral,evolutionary,computational,molecular,cellular,andmedicalaspectsofthenervoussystem.Therearevariousfieldsthatfocusondifferentaspects,buttheyneveroverlap.
D. Neuroscientistsfocusonthebrain&itsimpactonbehavior&cognitivefunctions,orhowpeoplethink.Theyalsoinvestigatewhathappenstothenervoussystemwhenpeoplehaveneurological,psychiatric,&neurodevelopmentaldisorders.
Which of the following statements about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are right?
A. ECT is also known as electroshock therapy, consisting of short bursts of electricity administered to the patient's brain.
B. In an ECT session, the patient is anesthetized & given muscle relaxants. ECT is the best studied brain stimulation therapy and has the shortest history of use.
C. It is used to treat severe drug-refractory depression, and it may also be medically indicated in other mental disorders, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
D. It also may be used in life-threatening circumstances, such as when a patient is unable to move or respond to the outside world (e.g., catatonia), is suicidal, or is malnourished as a result of severe depression.
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