Which of the following statements about the spinal cord are right?
A. Two spinal nerves branch from each segment of the spinal cord. Different spinal nerves perform different functions.
B. The spinal cord consists of 31 segments that span ～43 cm in length in women & 45 cm in men.
C. It is a conduit for motor information that travels down the spinal cord, a conduit for sensory information that travels up the spinal cord & a center to coordinate reflexes.
D. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits information between the brain & the peripheral nervous system.
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Which of the following statements about vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) are right?
A. The vagus nerves carry messages from the brain to the body's major organs (e.g. heart, lungs & intestines) & to areas of the brain that control mood, sleep, & other functions.
B. Using brain scans, scientists found that the VNS device affected areas of the brain that are involved in mood regulation.
C. VNS was originally developed as a treatment for cancer.
D. VNS had favorable effects on mood, especially depressive symptoms.
Which of the following statements about repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are correct?
A. Unlike ECT, in which electrical stimulation is more generalized, rTMS can be targeted to a specific site in the brain.
B. Scientists believe that focusing on a specific site in the brain reduces the chance for the types of side effects associated with ECT.
C. rTMS uses a magnet to activate the brain.
D. First developed in 1985, rTMS has been studied as a treatment for depression, psychosis, anxiety, and other disorders.
Which of the following statements about deep brain stimulation (DBS) are right?
A. In the case of depression, the first area of the brain targeted by DBS is called Area 25, or the subgenual cingulate cortex.
B. In DBS, stimulation is continuous and its frequency and level are customized to the individual.
C. DBS was first developed as a treatment for Parkinson's disease to reduce tremor, stiffness, walking problems and uncontrollable movements.
D. In DBS, a pair of electrodes is implanted in the liver and controlled by a generator that is implanted in the chest.
Which of the following statements about magnetic seizure therapy (MST) are correct?
A. Unlike rTMS, MST aims to induce a seizure like ECSo the pulses are given at a higher frequency than that used in rTMS.
B. The goal of MST is to retain the effectiveness of ECT while reducing its cognitive side effects.
C. Like rTMS, MST uses magnetic pulses instead of electricity to stimulate a precise target in the brain.
D. MST borrows certain aspects from both ECT & rTMS.
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