Here is an extract from the UNDP text, ”Privatising Basic Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: The MDG Impact“ (Bayliss & McKinley, 2003). For each gap choose the most suitable linking word/phrase to go in the spaces.Please note:the answers are case-sensitive.When countries in Sub-Saharan Africa became independent, the state dominated the provision of utilities.________, in the 1980s the debt crisis and the ensuing contraction of budgets prompted a re-appraisal of public sector provision.

A. Moreover
B. However
C. Although
D. As a result

Here is another short extract from the UNDP text, “Privatising Basic Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: The MDG Impact“ (Bayliss & McKinley, 2003). For each gap choose the most suitable linking word/phrase to go in the spaces.Please note:the answers are case-sensitive.The financial difficulties of many state utilities in the 1980s led to a focus on achieving financial sustainability. Attaining social objectives was relegated to a later stage. ______________, poor households have suffered from the reduction in subsidies and disconnection from services when they are unable to pay. Moreover, service delivery has become more fragmented, intensifying inequalities in provision.

A. Moreover
B. Finally
C. On the other hand
D. As a result

Here is another extract from the UNDP text, ”Privatising Basic Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: The MDG Impact“ (Bayliss & McKinley, 2003). For each gap choose the most suitable linking word/phrase to go in the spaces.Please note:the answers are case-sensitive.Also in Tanzania, the privatisation of Dar es Salaam’s water supply began in the mid-1990s. This first attempt collapsed in 2000 while a second attempt elicited only one bid, from a consortium led by the UK firm, Biwater. Although the contract with this firm was signed in 2003, it was terminated 18 months later after no improvement in services. ________________, management of the sector was transferred to a specially created public company, under the leadership of a new and effective CEO. Major improvements were evident within the first three months of operation.

A. In addition
B. However
C. Subsequently
D. Likewise

Here is another extract from the UNDP text, ”Privatising Basic Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: The MDG Impact“ (Bayliss & McKinley, 2003). For each gap choose the most suitable linking word/phrase to go in the spaces.Please note:the answers are case-sensitive.The country case studies in the publication “Privatisation and Alternative Public Sector Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa” confirm that_______________years of trying to privatise utilities, the state remains, by far, the dominant provider of water and electricity. Even in countries where there has been some private sector participation, a strong state has still been needed to monitor and regulate private firms.

Although
B. However
C. Despite
Due to

In this last extract there are four gaps to be filled and 6 words/phrases to choose from.For instance, Unless, because, because of, while, even thoughPlease note:the answers are case-sensitive._____________raising tariffs is intended to improve the financial health of utilities, it does not always lead to higher revenue. Consumption can fall if consumers pursue other alternatives. Often these are unsafe and unhealthy. In Malawi,______________, a 25 per cent increase in electricity prices led to a record use of charcoal_____________its production has been illegal since 1997 ___________its contribution to deforestation.