超星 - Test 7 - 查题吧

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Theethicalimplicationsofnanotechnologyare:

A. Noreliableinformationcanproperlyreflectonthehealth-related,ecological,ethical&socialimpactsofnanotechnology.Theethicalissuesarisingfromtheapplicationsofnanotechnologyarenumerous&complex.
B. Nanotechnologyisdepictedeitherasthefuturesolutiontoworldhealthproblemsorthefuturecauseofagreatecologicaldisaster.Theethicaldebateonnanotechnologyhighlightstheoscillationbetweentheconsequentialist&deontologicalapproach,wellknowninbioethics.
C. Theadvanceswithinnanotechnologyledtodebatesontheethicalimplicationsofitsapplications,includingequity,benefitdistribution,&environmentalimpact.
D. Nanotechnologynotonlyentailsepistemicrupture,butintroducesnewlaws&structuresofknowledge,ornewcognitivecategories.Whetherproceedingfromtheperspectiveofnanoethics,thediscussionregardingtheethicalimplicationsofnanotechnologyrevealsthatthequestionsdonotariseonlyfromwithinthesocialsciences.

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TheNanoscience&Nanotechnologies:Opportunities&UncertaintiesbyRoyalSociety&RoyalAcademyofEngineering(2004)oftheUKdeclaresthat:

A. Manyapplicationsofnanotechnologiesposenonewhealthorsafetyrisks.Inassessing&managinganyriskitisnecessarytounderstandboththehazard&theexposurepathways.Somemanufacturednanoparticles&nanotubesarelikelytobemoretoxicperunitmassthanparticlesofthesamechemicalsatlargersize&willthereforepresentagreaterhazard.Thetoxicityisduetotherelativelygreatersurfaceareaofnanoparticles,givenequalmass,&theprobableabilitytopenetratecellsmoreeasily&inadifferentway.Toposearisk,thesenanoparticlesmustcomeintocontactwithhumansortheenvironmentinaform&quantitythatcancauseharm.
B. Humansinhaleverymanypollutantnanoparticles(millionsperbreath)producedastheproductsofcombustion.Shape&surfacecoatingsofnanoparticles&nanotubeswillalsoinfluencetoxicity.Dermalexposureispredominatelythroughtheuseofcosmeticssuchassunscreensthatcontainnanoparticlesoftitaniumdioxide.Heretheissueiswhethertheycanpenetratetheprotectivelayersoftheskin&thencausedamagethroughtheproductionoffreeradicalsthatcandamagecells.Thereislittleevidenceinthepublicdomainaboutpenetrationoftheskinbythenanoparticlesmostcommonlyusedincosmetics.
C. Thereisvirtuallylittleevidenceavailabletoallowthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsofnanoparticles&nanotubestobeevaluated.Nanoparticles&nanotubesthatpersistintheenvironmentorbioaccumulatewillpresentanincreasedrisk&shouldbeinvestigated.Wehaverecommendedthatthereleaseofnanoparticulatestotheenvironmentbeminimizeduntiltheseuncertaintiesarereduced.Awiderangeofusesfornanotubes&nanoparticlesisenvisagedthatwillfixthemwithinproducts.
D. Theexplosionofdustcloudsofcombustiblematerialisapotentialhazardinseveralindustries.Thereareuncertaintiesabouttheriskofnanoparticulatescurrentlyinproductionthatneedtobeaddressedimmediatelytosafeguardworkers&consumers&supportregulatorydecisions.

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Potentialundesired(unwanted)effectsofdrugnanocarriersinclude:

A. organaccumulationinthebody
B. activeinteractionswithbloodcomponentsinthebody
C. cytotoxicity,reproductivetoxicity,carcinogenicity,&immunogenicity
D. damagetotargetorganssuchasliver,lung,kidneys,brain,orheart

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Healthriskassessmentofnovelnanomaterialsincludes:

A. exposurestudies
B. invitrostudies
C. smallanimal(invivo,e.g.fish,miceorrats)studies
D. computationalstudies,systemsbiologyapproachesaswellashigh-throughputscreeningplatforms

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Regulatoryoptionsforthesafetymeasuresofnanomaterialsbygovernmentsinclude:

A. workplace & administrative controls,classification&labeling of potential risks
B. controlofemissionstoair&water,minimizedexposuretohumanbodiesandlivingenvironment
C. wastedisposalrestrictions,marketing&userestrictions,distributioncontrol
D. laws,guidelines,policies,etc.

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TheNanoethicsGroup&EuropeanGrouponEthics&NewTechnologiestotheEuropeanCommission'sOpinionsontheSafetyIssuesofNanomedicinein2002declaresthat:

A. — Safety:relevantauthoritiesshouldcarryoutaproperassessmentoftherisks&safetyofnanomedicine.Suchriskassessmentshouldcoverthewholelifecycleoftheproducts,fromproductiontohandlingofwaste.Thesamelevelofsafetycurrentlyappliedtomedicine&medicaldevicesshouldapplytonanomedicalproducts.— Riskassessment:theGroupproposesthatinitiativesbetakenatnational&Europeanleveltofacilitatecooperationbetweeninstitutionsdealingwithriskassessment.TheGroupconsidersitparamountthatnonano-basedproductsenterthemarketwithoutriskassessment,therebysecuringthesafetywithregardtotheuser'shealth.
B. — Assessmentofsocialeffects:TheGroupproposesthatsuchprospectivetechnologyassessmentshouldconsiderissuesofsafety(agri-food&environment)&security(includingdualuse,impactsofbioterrorism&militaryresearch).Socialeffectsshouldalsobeaddressed(fairdistributionofgoods).— Information&consent:TheGroupencouragesfurthereffortsatnational&Europeanleveltodevelopimprovedmethodsofprovidinginformation&obtainingconsente.g.throughresearchprojectsundertheELSI(Ethical,Legal&SocialImplications)program.
C. — TheneedforinterdisciplinaryresearchonEthical,Legal&SocialImplications(ELSI)ofnanomedicine:theGroupproposesthataconsiderableamount–upto3%-ofthebudgetinvestedinresearchinnanotechnologyshouldbesetasideforELSIresearch.— Ethicaldeliberationontheconceptofhumanity,humanright,social&politicalconflictsinrelationtoNanotechnology:TheGroupalsosuggeststhatinitiativesbetakenatEuropeanleveltopromotemoreresearchonphilosophical,ethical&anthropologicalquestionsraisedbyrecentdevelopmentsinnanomedicine(individualresponsibility,conceptoftheself,personalidentity,societalgoals&globalhealthcare).
D. — Sharingofinformation&establishingdatabases:theGroupproposesthatinitiativesbetakenatEuropeanleveltoestablishdatabanks,nononlyonscientificaspectsofnanomedicinebutalsoonELSI-relatedaspects.— TheneedforrevisionofthisOpinion:sinceresearchintheareaofnanomedicineisundergoingrapiddevelopment,thistextshouldbereconsidered&possiblerevisedinthelightofscientific,legal&socialdevelopmentswithinthenextfiveyears.

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DesigningdialoguesontheELSEissuesofnanotechnologiesshouldinclude:

A. incorporatingpublic's valuesindecisions
B. improvingdecisionquality
C. improvingdecisionmakingprocess,engagingthepublicwhenkeydecisionsaretobemade
D. resolvingconflict,improvingtrustininstitutions&informingoreducatingpeople

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Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutnanotechnologyarecorrect？

A. Nanotechnologiesarewidelyseenashavinghugepotentialtobringbenefitstomanyareasofresearch&application,&areattractingrapidlyincreasinginvestmentsfrombusinessesinmanypartsoftheworld.Atthesametime,itisrecognizedthattheirapplicationmayraisenewchallengesinthesafety,regulatoryorethicaldomainsthatwillrequiresocietaldebate.
B. Attainingtheoverallknowledgeofnanotechnologyisresponsiblenotonlyfortheemergenceofnewethicalchallengesbutalsofortheneedforadiverseapproach.
C. Theapproachneededtoanalyzeanemergingtechnologyconsidersnotonlythecomplexityofreality,butalsospecificmoralquestionsofagivensocio-culturalcontext.Ethicalreflectionsthatinvolveriskanalysisdemandtechnicalimprovement&thedevelopmentofadequatedevicesforsuchevaluations.
D. Weneedtodevelopanefficientmechanismforaddressingfutureissuesinnanotechnologies.

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Which of the following statements about nanotechnology are correct?

A. The great attraction of working on the nanotechnology lies in new & unusual physical & chemical properties that are not found in the same materials at micro & macroscopic dimensions.
B. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials & devices with a vast range of applications, such as in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production, & consumer products.
C. The usage of nanosystems, nanomaterials, nano-devices, etc. permeates all aspects of society.
D. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from between 1 & 100 nm.

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Which of the following statements about nanotoxicology are correct?

A. Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials.
Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts.
C. Scientific research has indicated the potential for some nanomaterials to be toxic to humans or the environment.
D. Potential toxicities of nanomaterials towards human body are: DNA damage, ROS generation, immunotoxicity, cell death, carcinogenesis, etc.

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