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听力原文： Gates was born and brought up in Seattle. [29] At the age of 14, he founded a computer programming company with three friends, and they had earned $20,000 by selling their traffic-counting system to local governments. In 1975, he dropped out of his law course at Harvard to found the Microsoft Software Company in Washington. Gates' domination of the emerging computer industry began in 1980-1981, when he devised an operating system and licensed it to IBM. [30] 6MS-DOS became the standard operating system for nearly all IBM personal computers. During the 1980s, Microsoft also developed more specialized software. When the company went public in 1986, [31] Gates became a multimillionaire at the age of 31. Five years later, he was ranked as the world's richest man. In the 1990s, Gates made a fresh fortune from sales of Windows, a system that enables a computer to be operated with on-screen symbols rather than complex keyboard commands. A revised version was launched amid huge publicity in 1995.
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The aim of the teacher is to get his pupils as quickly as possible over the period in which each printed symbol is looked at for its shape, and arrive at the stage when the pupil looks at words and phrases, for their meaning, almost without noticing the shapes of these separate letters.
When a good reader is at work, he does not look at letters, nor even at words, one by one, however quickly; he takes in the meaning of two, three, or four words at a time, in a single moment. Watch carefully the eyes of a person who is reading, and it will be seen that they do not travel smoothly along the lines of print, but they move by jumps separated by very short stops. The eyes of a very good reader move quickly, taking long jumps and making very short halts (停顿); the eyes of a poor reader move more slowly, taking only short jumps and stopping longer at each halt. Some- times, when he meets a difficulty, he even goes backwards to see again what has already been looked at once.
The teacher’s task is therefore clear: it is to train his pupils to take in several words at a glance (one "eye jump" ) and remove the necessity for going backwards to read something a second time.
This shows at once that letter-by-letter, or syllable-by-syllable (音节), or word-by-word reading, with the finger pointing to the word, carefully fixing each one in turn, is wrong, It is wrong because such a method ties the pupil’s eye down to a very short jump. Moreover, a very short jump is too short to provide any meaning or sense; and it will be found that having struggled with three or four words separately, the pupil has to look at them again, all together and in one group, in order to get the meaning of the whole phrase.
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the first paragraph？
听力原文：M：That's a lovely skirt you're wearing．
W：Oh，thank you，my boyfriend bought it for my eighteenth birthday party．
Q：What did the woman say about the skirt？
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Ocean adventurer Peter Blake taught lessons every leader should know
—Full Steam Ahead
Rocketing through sunlit seas in mid-Atlantic, Peter Blake had been radioing daily race re ports to listeners all over New Zealand. Blake heard a terrific crash and felt the boat slow. Racing on deck, he found a mass of wreckage—the lofty mast had collapsed.
But Blake sat down with his shattered crew and had a cup of tea. "This is what we're going to do," he said and explained his plan. He added: "If anyone wants to get demoralized(削弱士气), come and see me and we'll do it together." There were no takers.
Making a temporary rig(桅杆)out of the wreckage, the crew sailed over 6000 kilometers, following a different route to find better winds, and drove themselves so hard they reached Cape Town ahead of more than a third of the fleet. Just over six weeks later, with a new mast, Blake sailed into Auckland and won the next leg(旅程的一段)of the Whitbread Around the World Race.
Blake turned disaster into triumph. It was an amazing feat of leadership.
Over the next two decades there would be many more such inspiring deeds. Blake would win the world's toughest ocean races, as well as the desirable America's Cup, becoming a national hero and the world's greatest sailor. "Peter brought out the best in us," says Don Robertson, a close friend and shipmate. "We were astonished by what we could achieve."
With his laid-back manner and big smile, Blake(who died in tragic circumstances three years ago)built up teams that dared to reach for the stars and win. He was a great leader, and the lessons of his career can be used by leaders in all walks of life.
It's the Team That Counts
When Mark Orams grew up, he wanted to sail with his hero. But his job interview was not what he expected.
"Blake and I talked for half an hour about ordinary things, like the food we hated," Orams says. "I said it was onions; he said macaroni(通心粉)cheese."
Orams felt he'd failed, because Blake hadn't asked a single question about his sailing. Two days later Blake called him in again, shook his hand and said. "Welcome aboard!"
Orams was proud and puzzled. "It wasn't until I was at sea with him that I realized fitting into the team was more important than know-how.'
As Blake put it, "You can learn as you go, but getting on with people is something you're born with."
When Blake put together a team for New Zealand's America's Cup challenge in 1995, he began with an inner circle of himself and three friends. They chose the fifth team member and then all five chose the sixth, and so on, up to nearly 100.
Every member was an equal partner. At one meeting, Blake introduced the receptionist. "This is Michelle, who runs the front desk, and she's just as important as any of you in the boat," he said. "There are no number ones in this team, no small jobs."
Learn to Delegate
Peter Blake never had to say he was a boss or a skipper(船长). He'd walk into a room or step on the deck, and everybody knew. But he didn't try to do or control everything himself. "There's no point in having a dog and doing your own barking," he'd say. During a two-handed race around Australia, Mike Quilter was alone at the helm(驾驶舱)when a massive weather front(气象峰)appeared. Blake was down below, asleep, but a long piece of string had been tied to his toe so Quilter could wake him if he needed help. "I was relying on Blake to be Mr. Cool," Quilter says, "so, I pulled the string. 'Here's the front,' I told him."
"Blake said, 'Yep, that's it!' Then he closed the hatch(舱口)and went back to bed, leaving m
Television has changed the lifestyle. of people in every industrialized country in the world. In the United States, where sociologists have studied the effects, some interesting observations have been made.
Television, although not essential, has become an important part of most people’s lives. It alters people's ways of seeing the world; in many ways, it supports and sustains (维持) modern life. Television has become a baby-sitter, an introducer of conversations, the major transmitter of culture, a keeper of tradition. Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically analyzed, it becomes evident that television is not a teacher but a sustainer; the poor quality of programming does not elevate (提高)people into greater understanding, but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists.
The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to both the history of TV programming development and the economics of TV. Television in America began with the radio. Radio companies and their sponsors first experimented with television. Therefore, the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV. Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs, but many actually produced the programs. Thus, in American society, television is primarily concerned with reflecting and attracting society rather than experimenting with new ideas. Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience possible. To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational, attractive rather than challenging.
Television in America today remains, to a large extent, with the same organization and standards as it had thirty years ago. The hope for further development and true achievement toward improving society will require a change in the entire system.
According to the author American television is poor in quality because ______.
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