In the expectancy theory, ________ is the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. instrumentality
D. saliency
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In the context of the reinforcement theory, reinforcers are ________.
A. those consequences that immediately follow a behavior and increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated
B. punishments or rewards that are given out for negative or positive employee behavior, respectively
C. the specific, unambiguous goals that have been set for employees as a standard for measuring their performance
D. the supervisors or managers who have the responsibility of monitoring and reinforcing desired employee behavior
Which of the following actions accurately reflects the reinforcement theory of motivation?
A company's policy of cutting a day's pay if an employee reports to work later than 10.30 A.M.
B. A company's policy of giving its sales staff cash coupons for exceeding their daily targets.
C. A company initiating a process of job redesign to engage its employees better.
D. A company setting specific and difficult goals and ensuring that employees accept them.
In the expectancy theory, ________ is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. performance–reward linkage
D. effort–performance linkage
In the expectancy theory, ________ is the importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. instrumentality
D. saliency
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