The founder of ______________, Francis Dalton (1822–1911) argued that "defective" individuals should be prevented from breeding and "superior" ones encouraged to breed to improve the fitness of the human population.
A. obstetrics
B. gynecology
C. reproductive medicine
D. eugenics
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～250,000 people died in Germany's "euthanasia" program. Racial purification expanded to include segregation, forced labor, confiscation of property, imprisonment of Jews and others in concentration camps, and eventually to systematic genocide. ～___ million people were killed in Germany's racial purification program, most of whom were Jewish concentration camp prisoners.
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 8
The War Crimes Tribunals adopted the Nuremberg Code (1949) to serve as a basis for prosecuting Nazi researchers for war crimes. The Code became the first internationally recognized __________ standard for research with human subjects.
A. medical
B. ethical
C. physical
D. social
Typesofclinicalresearch include:
A. Epidemiology,whichimprovestheunderstandingofadiseasebystudyingpatterns,causes,andeffectsofhealthanddiseaseinspecificgroups.
Behavioral,whichimprovestheunderstandingofhumanbehaviorandhowitrelatestohealthanddisease.
C. Healthservices,whichlooksathowpeopleaccesshealthcareprovidersandhealthcareservices,howmuchcarecosts,andwhathappenstopatientsasaresultofthiscare.
D. Clinicaltrials,whichevaluatetheeffectsofaninterventiononhealthoutcomes.
Based on the nature and purpose of the study, clinicalresearchincludesthefollowingtypes:
A. Preventiontrialslookforbetterwaystopreventadiseaseinpeoplewhohaveneverhadthediseaseortopreventthediseasefromreturning.Approachesmayincludemedicines,vaccines,orlifestylechanges.
B. Screeningtrialstestnewwaysfordetectingdiseasesorhealthconditions.Diagnostictrialsstudyorcomparetestsorproceduresfordiagnosingaparticulardiseaseorcondition.
C. Treatmenttrialstestnewtreatments,newcombinationsofdrugs,ornewapproachestosurgeryorradiationtherapy.Behavioraltrialsevaluateorcomparewaystopromotebehavioralchangesdesignedtoimprovehealth.
D. Qualityoflifetrials(orsupportivecaretrials)exploreandmeasurewaystoimprovethecomfortandqualityoflifeofpeoplewithconditionsorillnesses.
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