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4. What do Little’s result and bandwidth-delay product tell us? (Hints: The ormer is about a node, while thelatter is about a link or path.)4．我们从Little结论和带宽延迟积可以得知什么？（提示：前者是一个节点，而后者是一个链路或路径）
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5. What does the end-to-end argument say about networking?5．端到端观点是如何解释网络互连的？
According to the end-to-end argument, at which single layer should we put error control or the Internet?But then why do we put it in many layers including link, IP, and transport layers?6．根据端到端的观点，我们应该把错误控制放在互联网上的哪一层?但是我们为什么还要把它放到许多层，包括链路层，IP层和传输层呢？
7. What types of mechanisms should be put into the control plane and data plane, respectively? (Specify theirtype of packets, purpose, granularity of processing time, and example operation.)7．何种类型的机制应该分别放入控制平面和数据平面？（注明它们的数据包类型、目的、处理时间粒度和例子操作）
8. What are standard and implementation-dependent components in a router? (Speciy their types of com-ponents and example.)8．路由器中那些是标准的和依赖于实施的组件？（指定组件的类型和例子。）
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