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In ______, a human head transplant carried out on a corpse by doctors in Harbin, China. This immeidately caused heavy ethics debate and attracted criticisms from doctors, institutes and government officers.
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In WHO's Guiding Principles on Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation (2009), its Guiding Principle 3 declares that, "Donation from deceased persons should be developed to its maximum therapeutic potential, but adult living persons may donate organs as permitted by domestic regulations. In general living donors should be ___________________________ related to their recipients. Live donations are acceptable when the donor's informed and voluntary consent is obtained, when professional care of donors is ensured and follow-up is well organized, and when selection criteria for donors are scrupulously applied and monitored. Live donors should be informed of the probable risks, benefits and consequences of donation in a complete and understandable fashion; they should be legally competent and capable of weighing the information; and they should be acting willingly, free of any undue influence or coercion."
In WHO's Guiding Principles on Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation (2009), its Guiding Principle 4 declares that, "No cells, tissues or organs should be removed from the body of a living minor for the purpose of transplantation other than narrow exceptions allowed under national law. Specific measures should be in place to protect the minor and, wherever possible the minor's assent should be obtained before donation. What is applicable to minors also applies to any _____________________________."
In WHO's Guiding Principles on Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation (2009), its Guiding Principle 5 declares that, "Cells, tissues and organs should only be donated freely, without any monetary payment or other reward of monetary value. Purchasing, or offering to purchase, cells, tissues or organs for transplantation, or their sale by living persons or by the next of kin for deceased persons, should be _______________. The prohibition on sale or purchase of cells, tissues and organs does not preclude reimbursing reasonable and verifiable expenses incurred by the donor, including loss of income, or paying the costs of recovering, processing, preserving and supplying human cells, tissues or organs for transplantation."
In WHO's Guiding Principles on Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation (2009), its Guiding Principle 9 declares that, "The allocation of organs, cells and tissues should be guided by ________________ and ethical norms, not financial or other considerations. Allocation rules, defined by appropriately constituted committees, should be equitable, externally justified, and transparent."
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