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The whole brain formulation requires the bedside demonstration of irreversible cessation of all clinical functions of the brain, and is the most widely accepted.
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Stories of successful magical replacement of lost tissues are found in the themes of folklore from all parts of the ancient world. The tales of restoration of lost limbs or eyes, and even replacement of decapitated heads, are hardly less popular in ancient lore than the raising of the dead or magical cures for paralysis or blindness. These transplant claims are found in the legends of all nations, from Iceland to Africa.
In ancient Greece, the fire-breathing Chimera (part lion, part goat, and part serpent) was the alarming creature of The Iliad that terrorized ancient Lycia in Turkey before the heroic Bellerophon destroyed it. The unpleasant lamia was a female who was part snake, and the harpies were ugly, winged birdwomen who stole food and abducted humans, while the manticore had a man's head, the body of a lion, and a scorpion's tail.
The Renaissance (1450-1640), starting in Europe in the 14th century, led to a hunt for the ancient texts containing the knowledge and wisdom of Greece and Rome. The visual arts were also liberated and reborn. In medicine, the classical manuscript texts were sought and studied anew, and, in Italy, migrant Greek scholars assisted with translation of the works of Galen and Hippocrates.
The standard English surgical text of the late 1600s was Mellificium chirurgiae—The Marrow of Surgery, by James Cooke (1614–1688) of Warwick. Cooke, after describing the Tagliacozzi operation briefly, repeats all the old misconceptions about it, namely that muscle was used, that the graft could be taken from a donor, and that the graft may be lost when the donor dies.
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