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In ancient Greece, the fire-breathing Chimera (part lion, part goat, and part serpent) was the alarming creature of The Iliad that terrorized ancient Lycia in Turkey before the heroic Bellerophon destroyed it. The unpleasant lamia was a female who was part snake, and the harpies were ugly, winged birdwomen who stole food and abducted humans, while the manticore had a man's head, the body of a lion, and a scorpion's tail.
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The Renaissance (1450-1640), starting in Europe in the 14th century, led to a hunt for the ancient texts containing the knowledge and wisdom of Greece and Rome. The visual arts were also liberated and reborn. In medicine, the classical manuscript texts were sought and studied anew, and, in Italy, migrant Greek scholars assisted with translation of the works of Galen and Hippocrates.
The standard English surgical text of the late 1600s was Mellificium chirurgiae—The Marrow of Surgery, by James Cooke (1614–1688) of Warwick. Cooke, after describing the Tagliacozzi operation briefly, repeats all the old misconceptions about it, namely that muscle was used, that the graft could be taken from a donor, and that the graft may be lost when the donor dies.
At the Vienna Medical Society meeting in Jan 1909, Hungarian surgeon Emerich Ullmann (1861-1937) reported the first case of kidney transplantation, in which a dog's kidney was implanted into another dog's neck. Ullmann performed a famous demonstration before the Vienna Society of Physicians in the Bilroth-haus on Mar 7, 1902, removing a kidney of a dog and transplanting it into the neck of another dog.
The classic human skin graft experiments of Gibson and Medawar in 1943 demonstrated the immunologic specificity of allograft rejection — donor specific response, systemic immunity and immunological memory.
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