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At the Vienna Medical Society meeting in Jan 1909, Hungarian surgeon Emerich Ullmann (1861-1937) reported the first case of kidney transplantation, in which a dog's kidney was implanted into another dog's neck. Ullmann performed a famous demonstration before the Vienna Society of Physicians in the Bilroth-haus on Mar 7, 1902, removing a kidney of a dog and transplanting it into the neck of another dog.

A. 对
B. 错

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The classic human skin graft experiments of Gibson and Medawar in 1943 demonstrated the immunologic specificity of allograft rejection — donor specific response, systemic immunity and immunological memory.

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The Human Organ Transplant Act of 1989 in the UK set up a new supervisory government agency (ULTRA), which permitted transplants between emotionally bonded persons, such as husband and wife, yet sought to prevent any purely commercial arrangements.

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In2006,possibilitiesemergedthatavoidedtheethicalconcernssurroundingembryonicstemcellresearch.Adult somatic cells,inbothanimalsandhumans,werefoundcapableofreturningtoanembryonicstate via transfection of several key transcription factors.

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Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathiopurine, etc, are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the brain. The risk appears to be related to the intensity and duration of immunosuppression rather than to the use of any specific agent.

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