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By extending the horizons of empirical research in biology beyond the territory currently circumscribed by life-as-we-know-it, the study of artificial life gives us access to the domain of life-as-it-could-be, and it is within this vastly larger domain that we must ground general theories of biology and in which we will discover practical and useful applications of biology in our engineering endeavors.
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Synthetic biology is recently defined as the artificial design and engineering of biological systems and dead organisms for purposes of improving applications for industry or biological research.
The definition of synthetic biology is debated, not only among natural scientists and engineers but also in the human sciences, arts, and politics. One popular definition is "designing and constructing biological modules, biological systems, and biological machines for useful purposes." However, the functional aspects of this definition are rooted in molecular biology and biotechnology.
When Werner Arber (1929- ), Daniel Nathans (1928-1999) & Hamilton O. Smith (1931- ) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for the discovery of restriction enzymes, Wacław Szybalski wrote in an editorial comment in the journal Gene: "The work on restriction nucleases not only permits us easily to construct recombinant DNA molecules and to analyze individual genes, but also has led us into the new era of synthetic biology where not only existing genes are described and analyzed but also new gene arrangements can be constructed and evaluated."
By the mid-1970s, automated DNA sequencing and improved computational tools enabled complete microbial genomes to be sequenced, and high-throughput techniques for measuring RNA, protein, lipids and metabolites enabled scientists to generate a vast catalogue of cellular components and their interactions.
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