题目内容
When Werner Arber (1929- ), Daniel Nathans (1928-1999) & Hamilton O. Smith (1931- ) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for the discovery of restriction enzymes, Wacław Szybalski wrote in an editorial comment in the journal Gene: "The work on restriction nucleases not only permits us easily to construct recombinant DNA molecules and to analyze individual genes, but also has led us into the new era of synthetic biology where not only existing genes are described and analyzed but also new gene arrangements can be constructed and evaluated."
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By the mid-1970s, automated DNA sequencing and improved computational tools enabled complete microbial genomes to be sequenced, and high-throughput techniques for measuring RNA, protein, lipids and metabolites enabled scientists to generate a vast catalogue of cellular components and their interactions.
The size and scope of the synthetic biology field began to increase dramatically in the mid-2000s. The first international conference for the field, Synthetic Biology 1.0 (SB1.0), was held in the summer of 2008 at MIT.
Important milestones in parts and circuit design in E. coli continued to emerge during 2004-2007, including DNA-based systems that expanded synthetic circuit design from mainly transcriptional control into post-transcriptional and translational control mechanisms.
On July 9-10, 2009, the US National Academies;s Committee of Science, Technology and Law convened a symposium on "Opportunities and Challenges in the Emerging Field of Synthetic Biology."
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