According to WHO's data of global child health, which of the following statements are correct?
A. 17,000 fewer children die each day than in 1990, but more than 5 million children still die before their fifth birthday each year. Since 2000, measles vaccines have averted nearly 15.6 million deaths.
B. Despite determined global progress, an increasing proportion of child deaths are in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Four out of every five deaths of children under age five occur in these regions.
Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely to die before the age of five as those from wealthier families.
D. Children of educated mothers—even mothers with only primary schooling—are more likely to survive than children of mothers with no education.
Howdoeshealthcareeconomicsclaimthatprivatelyfundedhealthcareleadstogreaterqualityandefficienciesinpersonalhealthcare?
A. Perceptionsthatpubliclyfundedhealthcareisfreecanleadtooveruseofmedicalservices,andhenceraiseoverallcostscomparedtoprivatehealthfinancing.
B. Privatelyfundedmedicineleadstogreaterqualityandefficienciesthroughincreasedaccesstoandreducedwaitingtimesforspecializedhealthcareservicesandtechnologies.
C. Limitingtheallocationofpublicfundsforpersonalhealthcaredoesnotcurtailtheabilityofuninsuredcitizenstopayfortheirhealthcareasout-of-pocketexpenses.Publicfundscanbebetterrationalizedtoprovideemergencycareservicesregardlessofinsuredstatusorabilitytopay,suchaswiththeEmergencyMedicalTreatmentandActiveLaborActintheUnitedStates.
D. Privatelyfundedandoperatedhealthcarereducestherequirementforgovernmentstoincreasetaxestocoverhealthcarecosts,whichmaybecompoundedbytheinefficienciesamonggovernmentagenciesduetotheirgreaterbureaucracy.
AccordingtoWHO'sdataofglobalmaternalhealth,whichofthefollowingstatementsarecorrect?
A. Maternal mortality has fallen by 37% since 2000. In Eastern Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Asia, maternal mortality has declined by around 2/3.
Butmaternalmortalityratio–theproportionofmothersthatdonotsurvivechildbirthcomparedtothosewhodo–indevelopingregionsisstill14timeshigherthaninthedevelopedregions.Morewomenarereceivingantenatalcare.Indevelopingregions,antenatalcareincreasedfrom65%in1990to83%in2012.
C. Onlyhalfofwomenindevelopingregionsreceivetherecommendedamountofhealthcaretheyneed.
D. Fewerteensarehavingchildreninmostdevelopingregions,butprogresshasslowed.Thelargeincreaseincontraceptiveuseinthe1990swasnotmatchedinthe2000s.Theneedforfamilyplanningisslowlybeingmetformorewomen,butdemandisincreasingatarapidpace.
WHO'sdataofglobalHIV/AIDS,malaria, and otherdiseaseshaveshownthat:
A. 7millionpeoplegloballywerelivingwithHIVin2016,outofwhich2.1millionarechildrenunder15.1millionpeoplehavebecomeinfectedwithHIVsincethestartoftheepidemic.9millionpeoplewereaccessingantiretroviraltherapyinJune2017.
B. 8millionpeoplebecamenewlyinfectedwithHIVin2016.1millionpeoplediedfromAIDS-relatedillnessesin2016.TuberculosisremainstheleadingcauseofdeathamongpeoplelivingwithHIV,accountingforaroundoneinthreeAIDS-relateddeaths.
C. Globally,adolescentgirlsandyoungwomenfacegender-basedinequalities,exclusion,discriminationandviolence,whichputthematincreasedriskofacquiringHIV.HIVistheleadingcauseofdeathforwomenofreproductiveageworldwide.
D. AIDSisnowtheleadingcauseofdeathamongadolescents(aged10–19)inAfricaandthesecondmostcommoncauseofdeathamongadolescentsglobally.Over6.2millionmalariadeathshavebeenavertedbetween2000and2015,primarilyofchildrenunder5yearsofageinsub-SaharanAfrica.Theglobalmalariaincidenceratehasfallenbyanestimated37%&themortalityratesby58%.
WhatabouttheTargetsforGoal3:GoodHealth and Well-Beinginthe17SustainableDevelopmentGoalsbyUN?
A. By2030,reducetheglobalmaternalmortalityratiotolessthan70per100,000livebirths.By2030,endpreventabledeathsofnewbornsandchildrenunder5yearsofage,withallcountriesaimingtoreduceneonatalmortalitytoatleastaslowas12per1,000livebirthsandunder-5mortalitytoatleastaslowas25per1,000livebirths.By2030,endtheepidemicsofAIDS,tuberculosis,malariaandneglectedtropicaldiseasesandcombathepatitis,water-bornediseasesandothercommunicablediseases.
By2030,reducebyonethirdprematuremortalityfromnon-communicablediseasesthroughpreventionandtreatmentandpromotementalhealthandwell-being.Strengthenthepreventionandtreatmentofsubstanceabuse,includingnarcoticdrugabuseandharmfuluseofalcohol.By2020,halvethenumberofglobaldeathsandinjuriesfromroadtrafficaccidents.
C. By2030,ensureuniversalaccesstosexualandreproductivehealth-careservices,includingforfamilyplanning,informationandeducation,andtheintegrationofreproductivehealthintonationalstrategiesandprograms.Achieveuniversalhealthcoverage,includingfinancialriskprotection,accesstoqualityessentialhealth-careservicesandaccesstosafe,effective,qualityandaffordableessentialmedicinesandvaccinesforall.By2030,substantiallyreducethenumberofdeathsandillnessesfromhazardouschemicalsandair,waterandsoilpollutionandcontamination.StrengthentheimplementationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlinallcountries,asappropriate.
D. Supporttheresearchanddevelopmentofvaccinesandmedicinesforthecommunicableandnoncommunicablediseasesthatprimarilyaffectdevelopingcountries,provideaccesstoaffordableessentialmedicinesandvaccines,inaccordancewiththeDohaDeclarationontheTRIPSAgreementandPublicHealth,whichaffirmstherightofdevelopingcountriestousetothefulltheprovisionsintheAgreementonTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightsregardingflexibilitiestoprotectpublichealth,and,inparticular,provideaccesstomedicinesforall.Substantiallyincreasehealthfinancingandtherecruitment,development,trainingandretentionofthehealthworkforceindevelopingcountries,especiallyinleastdevelopedcountriesandsmallislanddevelopingStates.Strengthenthecapacityofallcountries,inparticulardevelopingcountries,forearlywarning,riskreductionandmanagementofnationalandglobalhealthrisks.
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