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In France, Briau and Villard, surgeons in Lyon, had worked on vascular suturing, and, in 1896, the head of the Surgery Department, Mathieu Jaboulay (1860–1913), with Briau, had been first to publish good results from small blood vessel suturing. They used single "______________" sutures penetrating all layers of the vessels, and everting the edges if possible.

A. continuous
B. interrupted
C. discontinuous
D. crossover

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In the US, the primary activist for establishing marrow registries was a Colorado veterinarian, Robert Graves, whose daughter had obtained a successful unrelated marrow graft from a member of the local hospital staff in ______, the first success in a blood malignancy using an unrelated matched donor.

A. 1978
B. 1983
C. 1989
D. 1995

The ___________ surgeon Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) is considered one of the true founders of the modern era of organ transplantation. Besides his landmark publications on blood vessel surgery, he also studied tissue and organ preservation by both cold storage and machine perfusion.

A. Russian
B. German
C. British
D. French

One of the world's oldest medical texts describes plastic surgery. The Hindu anskrit text Suśruta Samhita, of about the ____ century BCE, describes restoration of damaged ears or hands by methods similar to modern reconstructive surgery.

A. 2nd
B. 4th
C. 6th
D. 8th

About 1988, a new strategy for transplanting bowel evolved. The procedure involved transplanting the bowel en bloc or in a cluster, that is, transplanting lengths of intestine along with the _______and, later, the pancreas and stomach as well. The first report of success with this approach came from David Grant in London, Ontario, and others followed.

A. kidney
B. liver
C. heart
D. spleen

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