题目内容
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：With me today is Charles Andrews from Wisconsin University. Welcome] Charles.
C: Thank you.
I: Charles, you recently started a large research study on training in small businesses. What made you focus on small businesses？ After all, most of your experience bas been with the huge multinational Cleantex. And in fact you eventually ran their training department, didn't you？
C: Well, you am partly right. You see, when I joined the university a year ago they wanted me to start a training program for small businesses. I'd just sold my own small business, which I'd started when I left Cleantex. The 8 years I ran ray own business taught me more about training than all my years with Cleantex. But I felt I couldn't base a training program on my experience alone. So I decided to do research first.
I: And how much training did you find in most small companies？ Can they afford to do much training？
C: Well, firstly small businesses are often accused of not doing enough training. But that is the opinion of big businesses of course. It's true that the government is encouraging small firms to increase their training bud- gets. They're trying to introduce financial assistance for this. But I have to say I find lots of training going on. The real problem is that most small businesses don't always know how much training they're providing or how much it's actually costing them.
I: But surely businesses have budgets and training records.
C: Unfortunately must small companies don't set aside a specific training budget. It's not that they don't want to spend the money but that they operate differently. You see, things change very quickly in small firms and it's impossible to predict the training needs. An employee can be moved to a new project very suddenly and then training has to be organized within days. And most small businesses prefer to use their experienced staff to do any training on the job.
I: Did you manage to work out the costs of training？
C: Well, it took time to work out the indirect costs. You see, most small business managers don't include these costs in their calculations. Most of them keep records of obvious expenses, like, many expenses like external courses, travel, training manual, and videos, etc. But not many firms have specific training accounts and they don't include the time managers spend on training, waste of materials, loss of productivity and so on. I spent hours with company accountants trying to see where these hidden costs were.
I: How much are small firms spending on training？
C: More than haft of the businesses I surveyed spent at least 1% of their annual salary bill on training. And some of these spent up to 5% of their pay roll. In fact smaller firms are investing on average over 10% more on training per employee than larger firms.
I: How good is that training？
C: As I said, small firms usually get so experienced employee to show new staff how to do that job. This can be useful ff the person is carefully selected and well-trained himself. But it's not really enough. The trainee needs to do the Job with the experienced employee on hand for guidance and feedback. This gets trainees much better skills than any packaged courses.
I: And has your study helped you plan new courses for small businesses？
C: Definitely. I now understand what they want and how they want it delivered. I now know that small firms were only investing in training ff it immediately helped their enterprise. But most formal training focuses on long-term business needs. Most small businesses can't plan far ahead. They want direct results from training in skills t
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When calculating the cost of in-house training, many small firms do NOT include ______.
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One result of these problems has been a renewed discussion of the presence of substantial numbers of international students on U.S. campuses. Anecdotal reports suggest that the number of new international students entering the United States is declining.
The downward trend is consistent with data on the number of student visas being issued by the State Department. Applications by Arab and Muslim men and those of any student seeking to study science had to be sent to Washington for review, and men from 25 countries identified as potential harbors for terrorism face new registration requirements once they enter the United States.
These procedures led to long lines at U.S. consulates around the world and to many well-publicized situations in which students were unable to reach their intended campus in time for the opening of classes last autumn.
One continuing problem, university officials say, is that U.S. consulates no longer routinely renew visas for international students whose visas expire while they are home for vacations or other short visits.
The issue of whether some students will continue to view the United States as a desirable place to study has also become a source of discussion. John Shull, college adviser at the Cairo American College, said, "We are seeing more of our students looking at non-U.S, universities." Lynch of Penn State said that his university is now getting "very few new students from the Middle East—especially males".
Stricter U.S. restrictions on foreign students studying in America and delays in processing visa requests appear to be doing part of the job for the British. Applications to British universities from foreign students have surged in the last year, particularly from countries with predominantly Muslim populations.
Among countries sending significant numbers of students to Britain, the biggest increases in applications were from Saudi Arabia. Education officials did not provide reasons for this striking pattern. But some individual universities said there were indications that new U.S. regulations and stricter enforcement were playing at least some role. In Britain, students can also get an education in English, at internationally known universities, but perhaps with a bit less hassle.
Officials said that, while Britain did not impose new regulations on students seeking visas to study here, enforcement of existing rules and scrutiny of applications may have been stepped up. Admissions authorities say they have had more contact with the police, and they are being more diligent about requiting students to leave the country once their visas expire.
Still, either out of choice or necessity, some students apparently are finding Britain to be a more attractive option than the United States.
Why U.S. imposes so much on international students？
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