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The apparent consensus about the definition of death has not yet appeased all controversy. Ethical, moral and religious concerns continue to surface and include a prevailing malaise about possible expansions of the definition of death to encompass the vegetative state or about the feared bias of formulating criteria so as to facilitate organ transplantation.
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It was until the invention of the positive pressure mechanical ventilator by Bjorn Ibsen in the 1950s, and the widespread use of high-tech intensive care in the 1960s that cardiac, respiratory and brain function could be truly dissociated.
Neuropathological studies have showed that damage to the brainstem was critical for brain death. These findings initiated the concept of "brainstem death" and led UK physicians to define brain death as complete, irreversible loss of brainstem function: "if the brainstem is dead, the brain is dead, and if the brain is dead, the person is dead".
The brain-centered definition of death has a whole brain, brainstem and neocortical formulation. At present, only the two former concepts have an accepted medical basis. According to the consciousness- or personhood-centered neocortical definition of death, patients in a vegetative state are considered alive.
Death is regarded as the continuous event (linguistically it can be understood only as an event) that separates the continuous process of dying from the subsequent disintegration.
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