A circuit that showed robust, persistent oscillatory behaviour was developed by Hasty and colleagues in 2008, and was an impressive update to a series of experimental and theoretical studies on the design of ____________________.
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In 2009, the European Molecular Biology Organization released the report "Making the Most of Synthetic Biology Strategies for Synthetic Biology Development in Europe" to introduce a ____________________ for European synthetic biology research.
To enable efficient genomic manipulation, Church and colleagues at Harvard Medical School developed a platform called multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) in 2011, which has been used to rapidly alter multiple loci in the E. coli genome, including the _____________________________ of all TAG stop codons with the synonymous TAA codon.
RNA-based circuit engineering also underwent an expansion during 2008-2013, as biosensing functions gave way to RNA-based computation. RNA devices were built to control the regulatory logic of gene expression, and RNA design tools were developed to enable the precise, predictable control of heterologous and ____________________________.
The CRISPR–Cas immunity system in bacteria and archaea was re-purposed to enable genome-wide transcriptional control. Type II CRISPR–Cas systems use RNA-directed DNA binding by the nuclease Cas9 to detect and cleave invading bacteriophage and other __________________________, and independent groups developed Cas9 nuclease mutants that enable RNA-directed DNA binding by Cas9 without subsequent DNA cleavage.