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In July 1990, Dr. Martin J. Cline at UCLA headed another highly controversial human trial designed to treat β-thalassemia without institutional approval. The experiment involved the removal of bone marrow cells from two patients in Jerusalem and Naples, and their subsequent transformation in vitro with plasmids carrying the β-globin gene and the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene expected to provide a selective proliferative advantage to marrow cells once these were transplanted back into the patients.
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