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SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文： European Union (EU) leaders are to gather in Berlin today for one of their most important summits in years. Over two, possibly three days of intense negotiations, the leaders will attempt to thrash out a deal on how the bloc is to be financed for the next seven years.
They are also under strong pressure to draw a line under the crisis created by last week's mass resignation of the European Commission by moving swiftly to appoint a successor to Jacques Santer as president of the EU executive.
Former Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi has emerged as a clear favourite to claim the commission's top job.
Dutch Prime Minister Wim Kok, Portugal's Antonio Guterres and NATO chief Javier Solana have all been named as possible rivals to the Italian, but Prodi is so far the only officially declared candidate.
Having earned respect across the EU for the way he whipped the Italian economy into shape to clinch the country's place in the single currency, Prodi has a clear advantage over his potential rivals in being immediately available.
The heads of state and government arriving here will also have to decide the terms on which Prodi or any other incoming commission boss takes office.
A quick appointment will allow Prodi to be approved--or rejected--by the European Parliament before it breaks up in May for June elections.
The EU summit meeting will______.
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Etiquette
1 In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
2 Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
3 In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England,until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents' presence without asking permission.
4 Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as
possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
5 Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior. in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Province, in France.
6 Province had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds,though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form. in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
7 In renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior. of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
8 Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
One characteristic of the rich classes of a declining society is their tendency to
The Historical Background of Social Psychology
1 While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western tradition, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon. One reason for the striking upsurge of social psychology in the United States lies in the pragmatic tradition of this country. National emergencies and conditions of social disruption provide special incentive to invent new techniques, and to strike out boldly for solutions to practical social problems. Social psychology began to flourish soon after the First World War. This event, followed by the great depression of the 1930s, by the rise of Hitler, the genocide of Jews, race riots, the Second World War and the atomic threat, stimulated all branches of social science. A special challenge fell to social psychology. The question was asked: How is it possible to preserve the values of freedom and individual rights under condition of mounting social strain and regimentation？ Can science help provide an answer？ This challenging question led to a burst of creative effort that added much to our understanding of the phenomena of leadership, public opinion, rumor, propaganda, prejudice, attitude change, morale, communication, decision-making, race relations, and conflicts of war.
2 Reviewing the decade that followed World War Ⅱ, Cartwright [1961] speaks of the "excitement and optimism" of American social psychologists, and notes "the tremendous increase in the total number of people calling themselves social psychologists". Most of these, we may add,show little awareness of the history of their field.
3 Practical and humanitarian motives have always played an important part in the development of social psychology, not only in America but in other lands as well. Yet there have been discordant and dissenting voices, in the opinion of Herbert Spencer in England, of Ludwig Gumplowicz in Austria, and of William Graham Sumner in the United States, it is both futile and dangerous for man to attempt to steer or to speed social change. Social evolution, they argue, requires time and obeys laws beyond the control of man. The only practical service of social science is to warn man not to interfere with the course of nature (or society). But these authors are in a minority. Most social psychologists share with Comte an optimistic view of man's chances to better his way of life. Has he not already improved his health via biological sciences？ Why should he not better his social relationships via social sciences？ For the past century this optimistic outlook has persisted in the face of slender accomplishment to date. Human relations seem stubbornly set. Wars have not been abolished, labor troubles have not abated, and racial tensions are still with us. Give us time and give us money for research, the optimists say.
Social psychology developed in the USA
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文： A man who fired three shots into a crowded birthday party killing one man and wounding two other people has been sentenced to 60 years in prison. 36-year-old Mark Eastwood was in court for sentencing today after a jury found him guilty of manslaughter, but not guilty of murder. Mark Eastwood snapped after being kept awake for four successive nights by noisy parties yards away form. his home. He took a loaded revolver and fired three shots through the window of a house in the southwestern part of the city. A 2S-year-old man at the party died after being hit in the head, two other people were seriously wounded.
The court was told that Eastwood had a lengthy criminal record for dishonesty and he was keeping a gun without a license. Sentencing him to 60 years in prison, Mr. Justice Dawson said, "no one must be allowed to kill innocent people and not to be severely punished."
The man was convicted for
According to the search operation commander, the recovery of the missing Americans is slowed down because
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