European Charter of Patients' Rights passed in 2002 declares that:
A. Every individual has the right to a proper service in order to prevent illness.
B. Every individual has the right of access to the health services that his or her health needs require. The health services must guarantee equal access to everyone, without discriminating on the basis of financial resources, place of residence, kind of illness or time of access to services.
C. Every individual has the right to access to all kind of information regarding their state of health, the health services and how to use them, and all that scientific research and technological innovation makes available.
D. Every individual has the right of access to all information that might enable him or her to actively participate in the decisions regarding his or her health; this information is a prerequisite for any procedure and treatment, including the participation in scientific research.
EuropeanCharterofPatients'Rightspassedin2002declaresthat:
A. Each individual has the right to freely choose from among different treatment procedures and providers on the basis of adequate information.
B. Every individual has the right to the confidentiality of personal information, including information regarding his or her state of health and potential diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, as well as the protection of his or her privacy during the performance of diagnostic exams, specialist visits, and medical/surgical treatments in general.
C. Each individual has the right to receive necessary treatment within a swift and predetermined period of time. This right applies at each phase of the treatment.
D. Each individual has the right of access to high quality health services on the basis of the specification and observance of precise standards.
EuropeanCharterofPatients'Rightspassedin2002declaresthat:
A. Each individual has the right to be free from harm caused by the poor functioning of health services, medical malpractice and errors, and the right of access to health services and treatments that meet high safety standards.
B. Each individual has the right of access to innovative procedures, including diagnostic procedures, according to international standards and independently of economic or financial considerations.
C. Each individual has the right to avoid as much suffering and pain as possible, in each phase of his or her illness.
D. Each individual has the right to diagnostic or therapeutic programmes tailored as much as possible to his or her personal needs.
Which of the following statements about informed consent are correct?
A. Before a health care provider delivers care, ethical & legal standards require that the patient provide informed consent. Informed consent is a concept in the medical community which supports the idea that patients should be fully informed at all stages of medical treatment & medical trials. There are two aspects to informed consent: a conversation with a care provider or researcher, & a form which must be signed to indicate that the conversation has occurred.
B. Informed consent is a very important part of modern medical practice & research, and it is designed to protect both patients & doctors. The concept of the need for informed consent arose from the Nuremberg Trials held after the Second World War, when the court was subjected to detailed descriptions of experiments carried out by the Nazis in concentration camps. This testimony was used as evidence to convict and punish researchers who had performed such experiments, & it also raised ethical issues for medical practitioners. As a result, many nations started adopting some version of an informed consent law.
C. The idea behind informed consent is that it is very important for patients & research subjects to be actively involved in their care, participating in the decision making process with a full awareness of any potential consequences of a treatment. Informed consent laws place a heavy emphasis on the value of individual human rights & autonomy by insisting that informed consent be obtained for medical procedures. If the patient cannot provide informed consent, then, for most treatments, a legally authorized surrogate decision-maker may do so.
D. In an informed consent discussion, a doctor will discuss the patient's condition and possible treatment options, along with the option the doctor recommends. The patient will be informed about the possible outcomes, results, & complications of any treatment, including a decision not to treat the condition, & the patient is invited to ask questions for clarification.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutinformedconsentarecorrect?
As a general rule, doctors are encouraged to use plain, clear language so that patients understand the conversation.
B. Once the patient has been briefed & asked to make a decision, the patient will be asked to sign an informed consent form for major procedures. In other instances, a doctor may note the patient's consent in the patient's chart, which serves as a legal document. If the patient later has a dispute with the doctor, the evidence of informed consent will be brought forward as evidence.
C. In an emergency situation when the patient is not legally competent to give informed consent & no surrogate decision-maker is readily available, the law implies consent on behalf of the patient, assuming that the patient would consent to treatment if he or she were capable of doing so.
D. Information that must be conveyed to & consented to by the patient includes: the treatment's nature & character & anticipated results, alternative treatments (including non-treatment), & the potential risks & benefits of treatment & alternatives. The information must be presented in a form that the patient can comprehend (i.e., in a language & at a level which the patient can understand) & that the consent must be voluntarily given.
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