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How is the research of Messe and Callahan-Levy related to earlier experiments in the same
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A．It sells record players.B．It sells dogs.C．It teaches a dog to listen to a record.D．I
A．Cigarette ashes.B．Nicotine.C．Tar.D．Not mentioned.
听力原文：W: Hi, Li Hua. What are you doing this semester？
M: Oh, I'm still learning English. I have to do one more semester before I can start my real studies at the university.
W: You make it sound like prison. How are the classes？
M: They're all right, I guess. I don't know. It seems like they never tell us what we really need to know.
W: What do you mean？
M: Look, when I study mathematics, for instance, we start with definitions. Then we have problems and some equations and processes to learn. You go to class, you keep up, you do the homework, and you know it. You pass exams. But English class is quite different. First of all, they don't want to teach us all the rules. They tell us one rule. Fine. We use that rule, but soon it won't work. It's more complicated or there are a lot of exceptions or something. Sometimes I think the teachers don't know the rules either.
W: But you don't learn a language from the rules, anyway. You have to use it.
M: Yes. That's something else they tell us. But why can't we just go to class, study, and do our homework？ That's what I know how to do.
W: Look at this way, can you learn to play soccer by sitting at home and reading about soccer？
M: No, of course not. Not if you want to play well.
W: But why not？ You could understand the rules of strategy, the duties of each position, and all the special situations. You have to feel the ball, practice kicking it hundreds of times, practice running down the field, moving toward the goal, and centering the ball. No one can learn that by passively studying. Learning a language is more like learning to play soccer than learning mathematics. You have to ask a lot of questions and hear how the answers sound. You have to listen to how people indicate the important part of what they're saying. And then of course endless practice on all the details spelling, "s" endings, articles.., just like practice in simple dribbling and kicking.
M: But if it's a skill like soccer, not a science, why do they teach it in schools and universities, and give you diplomas and grades？
W: That's a good question. It is confusing, but languages are important and people do want to learn them. But the main thing is to practice the language a lot, just like soccer.
M: Maybe I'll join a soccer team and practice English and soccer at the same time. I can talk with people before and after the practice.
W: That's a good idea.
(26)
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Although language is used to transmit information, the informative functions of language are blended with older and deeper functions so that only a small portion of our everyday speech can be described as purely informative. The ability to use language for strictly informative purposes was probably developed relatively late in the course of linguistic(语言上的) evolution.
Long before that time, our ancestors probably made the sorts of cries animals do to express feelings of hunger, fear, loneliness, and the like. Gradually these noises seem to have become more differentiated (能区分开的), transforming the cries into language ns we know it today.
Although we have developed language in which accurate reports may be given, we still use language as vocal(发声的) equivalents of gestures such as crying in pain. When words are used as the vocal equivalent of expressive gestures, language is functioning in presymbolic ways. These presymbolic uses of language co-exist with our symbolic system so that the talking we do in everyday life is a thorough blending of symbolic and presymbolic language.
What we call social conversation is mainly presymbolic in character. When we are at a large social gathering, for example, we all have to talk. It is typical of these conversations that, except among very good friends, few of the remarks made have any informative value. We talk together about nothing at all and thereby establish a relationship.
There is a principle at work in the selection of the subject matter we consider appropriate for social conversation. Since the purpose of this kind of talk is the establishment of communication, we are careful to select subjects about which agreement is immediately possible. With each new agreement, no matter how commonplace, the fear and suspicion of the stranger wear away, and the possibility of friendship emerges. When further conversation reveals that we have friends or political views or artistic values or hobbies in common, a friend is made, and genuine communication and cooperation can begin.
The phrase "older and deeper functions" in the first sentence refers to ______.
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