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In 1999, the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice unifies standards for the approval process of new drugs and devices that aim to protect the rights and interests of human subjects of research and the responsibilities of both investigators and sponsoring organizations.
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The word "bioethics" was coined in 1975 by the scientist Van Rensselaer Potter (1911–2001), perhaps for the first time, to include study of ethical issues in biomedicine and the environment.
In 1952, United States Armed Forces Medical Policy Council proposed adoption of the Nuremberg Code to guide research with human subjects; it was approved by Department of Defense in 1963.
During 1932–1949, Imperial Japanese Army established biological warfare programs, such as Unit 731, that conducted unethical experiments using human subjects, comparable to the crimes against humanity of the Nazi doctors. However, no prosecution by Allied countries occurred after the end of World War II in the Pacific.
From 1931 to 1982, the United States Public Health Service in Macon County, Georgia, conducted a study of the natural history of syphilis among African American men. The study's name is taken from the Tuskegee Institute, the hospital that collaborated in the study.
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