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In 1947, a young woman was admitted to the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, USA. The decision to have her undergo a __________ transplant was made by a team led by David Hume. The hospital administration objected to the use of an operating theatre for such an experimental procedure, so the operation was performed in the middle of the night under difficult conditions, in a small room, using only two lamps.

A. heart
B. hand
C. kidney
D. liver

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In ______, at the Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago, Richard H. Lawler (1896–1982) replaced the left kidney of a woman who had a compromised prognosis because of complicated polycystic kidney disease. By six months posttransplant, the graft was completely destroyed. The recipient lived for some time with just her right polycystic kidney.

A. 1955
B. 1957
C. 1960
D. 1966

In ancient tales, the Chinese doctor Pien Ch'iao exchanges the _________ of two men to "match their energies better" and uses "potent herbs" to ensure success after the operations. Less dramatically, Hua T'o, the talented "surgeon of the Three Kingdoms," is able to remove, wash, and replace defective livers.

A. hearts
B. brains
C. livers
D. kidneys

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published its guidelines for determining brain death in adults in ______ — including the important practical description of apnea testing — which have been used to model many institutional policies.

A. 1981
B. 1986
C. 1992
D. 1999

In 1963, the ___________ surgeon Guy Alexandre was the first to start coma dépassé, followed by the team coordinated by Hamburger in Paris in 1964.

A. French
Belgian
C. American
D. British

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