WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010)intheUSarecorrect?
A. This is a health care reform bill that was signed into law in the United States by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010.
B. The law includes a large number of health-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133% of FPL, subsidizing insurance premiums for individuals and families making up to 400% of FPL and capping expenses from 2% to 9.8% of annual income.
C. For the first time, all health policies sold in the United States must cap an individual's (or family’s) medical expenses out of pocket annually. Other provisions include providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting insurers from establishing annual spending caps and support for medical research.
D. The costs of these provisions are offset by a variety of taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures.
WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutZikavirusdiseasearecorrect?
A. ItsnamecomesfromtheZiikaForestofUganda,wheretheviruswasfirstisolatedin1947.Zikavirusisrelatedtothedengue,yellowfever,Japaneseencephalitis,andWestNileviruses.Sincethe1950s,ithasbeenknowntooccurwithinanarrowequatorialbeltfromAfricatoAsia.From2007to2016,thevirusspreadeastward,acrossthePacificOceantotheAmericas,leadingtothe2015–16Zikavirusepidemic.
B. ZikaisspreadmostlybythebiteofaninfectedAedesmosquito.Many people infected with Zika virus won’t have symptoms or will only have mild symptoms lasting for several days to a week. The most common symptoms of Zika are: fever, rash, headache, joint pain, conjunctivitis (red eyes), & muscle pain. Zikacanbepassedfromapregnantwomantoherfetus.Thiscanresultinmicrocephaly,severebrainmalformations,andotherbirthdefects.ZikainfectionsinadultsmayresultrarelyinGuillain–Barrésyndrome.
C. Itwasestimatedthat1.5millionpeoplewereinfectedbyZikainBrazil,withover3,500casesofmicrocephalyreportedbetweenOct2015andJan2016.InNov2016,WHOdeclaredthattheZikaviruswasnolongeraglobalemergencywhilenotingthatthevirusstillrepresents"ahighlysignificantandalong-termproblem".In2018and2019,nolocalmosquito-borneZikavirustransmissionhasbeenreportedinthecontinentalUnitedStates.
D. InJanuary2016,theUSCDCissuedtravelguidanceonaffectedcountries,includingtheuseofenhancedprecautions,&guidelinesforpregnantwomenincludingconsideringpostponingtravel.ThereisnovaccineormedicineforZika.
Which of the following statements about parental refusal of childhood vaccines & child neglect are correct?
A. Parental refusal of childhood vaccines is a contentious issue in pediatrics and public health. With increasing numbers of parents exempting their child from required school-entry vaccines and few evidence-based interventions to address vaccine hesitancy, pediatric providers are struggling with how to respond to parental vaccine refusal.
B. One strategy recently promoted is to treat vaccine refusal as neglect and report parents to child protective services (CPS) or another comparable agency in the US.
C. In 1964, the parents in Arkansas refused smallpox vaccine for their child for religious reasons. School refused to allow child to attend because child was not vaccinated.
D. The court believed that child was deemed neglected, because the state law requires immunization and attendance at an accredited school. Law does not allow for a religious exemption. Parental refusal to vaccinate, when it prevents child from attending school, constitutes neglect. Several similar cases are reported and the courts all considered vaccine refusal to constitute neglect.
WHO's International Health Regulations 2005 declares that:
A. With full respect for the dignity, human rights and fundamental freedom of persons
B. Guided by the Charter of the United Nations and the Constitution of the World Health Organization
C. Guided by the goal of their universal application for the protection of all people of the world from the international spread of disease
D. States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to legislate and to implement legislation in pursuance of their health policies. In doing so, they should uphold the purpose of these Regulations.
UN's Millennium Development Goals are:
A. 1. To eradicate extreme poverty & hunger2. To achieve universal primary education
B. 3. To promote gender equality and empower women4. To reduce child mortality
C. 5. To improve maternal health6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, & other diseases
D. 7. To ensure environmental sustainability8. To develop a global partnership for development
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