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Section A Gap fillingToday millions of Americans vacation abroad and they go not only to see new sights but also with the hope of forming friendship. No one really expects a vacation trip to produce a close friend. But surely the beginning of a friendship is possible. Surely in every country people (1) friendship.The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is that they have different expectations about what (2) friendship and how it comes into being. In those European countries that Americans are most likely to visit, friendship is quite sharply (3) from other more casual relations. For a Frenchman, a German or an Englishman, friendship is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of (4) . But for Americans, “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationships: some are superficial; some are (5).For the French, friendship demands a keen awareness of the other person’s intellect, tastes and particular interests. A friend is one who draws out your best (6) , with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon. Your appreciation of a play becomes sharper, taste in food or wine is accentuated, enjoyment of a sport is (7) . Intellectual friends may meet for evenings of conversation. Working people may meet at the little pub where they drink and talk. Marriage doesn’t (8) such friendships; wives don’t have to be taken into account. The special relationship of friendship is based on what the French value most—on the mind and on the compatibility of their outlooks in life.English friendships follow a still different pattern. Their basis is shared activity. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people play a game or tell stories or serve as members of a demanding committee. Americans who have made English friends comment that, even years later, “You can take up just where you left off.”English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not, as in Germany, complementary to the family nor are they, as in France, (9) from the family.What, then, is friendship? It involves freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Each friend gives the other the sense of being a special individual; on whatever (10) this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take. These similarities make the bridge between societies possible, and the American’s openness to different styles of relationships makes it possible for him to find new friends abroad with whom he feels at home.A)distinguished F) qualities K) consistsB) separated G)valueL) enduring.C) effect H) affectM) deepD) escaped I) constitutes N) intensifiedE) commitment J) reality O) grounds

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Section B Paragraph MatchingThe Art of FriendshipA) One evening a few years ago I found myself in an anxiety. Nothing was really wrong: my family and I were healthy, my career was busy and successful -- I was just feeling vaguely down and in need of a friend who could raise my spirits, someone who would meet me for coffee and let me rant until the clouds lifted. I dialed my best friend, who now lives across the country in California, and got her voicemail. That's when it started to dawn on me -- lonesomeness was at the root of my dreariness. My social life had dwindled to almost nothing, but somehow until that moment I'd been too busy to notice. Now it hit me hard. My old friends, buddies since college or even childhood, know everything about me; when they left, they had taken my context with them.B) Research has shown the long-range negative consequences of social isolation on one’s health. But my concerns were more short-term. I needed to feel understood right then in the way that only a girlfriend can understand you. I knew it would be wrong to expect my husband to replace my friends: He couldn’t, and even if he could, to whom would I then complain about my husband? So I resolved to acquire new friends -- women like me who had kids and enjoyed rolling their eyes at the world a little bit just as I did. Since I’d be making friends with more intention than I’d ever given the process, I realized I could be selective, that I could in effect design my own social life. The down side, of course, was that I felt pretty frightened.C) After all, it’s a whole lot harder to make friends in midlife that it is when you’re younger -- a fact woman I’ve spoken with point out again and again. As Leslie Danzig, 41, a Chicago theater director and mother, sees it, when you’re in your teens and 20s, you’re more or less friends with everyone unless there's a reason not to be. Your college roommate becomes your best pal at least partly due to proximity. Now there needs to be a reason to be friends. “There are many people I’m comfort-able around, but I wouldn’t go so far as to call them friends. Comfort isn't enough to sustain a real friendship,” Danzig says.D) At first, finding new companions felt awkward. At 40 I couldn’t run up to people the way my4-year-old daughters do in the playground and ask, “Will you be my friend? Every time you start a new relationship, you’re vulnerable again,” agrees Kathleen Hall, D Min, founder and CEO of the Stress Institute, in Atlanta. “You’re asking, 'Would you like to come into my life?' It makes us self-conscious.”E) Fortunately, my discomfort soon passed. I realized that as a mature friend seeker my vulnerability risk was actually pretty low. If someone didn’t take me up on my offer, so what: I wasn’t in junior high, when I might have been rejected for having the wrong clothes or hair. At my age I have amassed enough self-esteem to realize that I have plenty to offer.F) We’re all so busy, in fact, that mutual interests -- say, in a project, class, or cause that we already make time for -- become the perfect catalysts for bringing us in contact with candidates for camaraderie. Michelle Mertes, 35, a teacher and mother of two in Wausau, Wisconsin, says anew friend she made at church came as a pleasant surprise. “In high school I chose friends based on their popularity and how being part of their circle might reflect on me. Now’s it’s our shared values and activities that count.” Mertes says her pal, with whom she organized the church’s youth programs, is nothing like her but their drive and organizational skills make them ideal friends.G) Happily, as awkward as making new friends can be, self-esteem issues do not factor in -- or if they do, you can easily put them into perspective. Danzig tells of the mother of a child in her son’s pre-school, a tall, beautiful woman who is married to a big-deal rock musician. “I said to my husband, she's too cool for me,'” she jokes. “I get intimidated by people. But once I got to know her, she turned out to be pretty laid-back and friendly.” In the end there was no chemistry between them, so they didn’t become good pals. “I realized that we weren't each other’s type, but it wasn’t about hierarchy.” What midlife friendship is about, it seems, is reflecting the person you’ve become (or are still becoming) back at yourself, thus reinforcing the progress you’ve made in your life.H) Harlene Katzman, 41, a lawyer in New York City, notes that her oldest friends knew her back when she was less sure of herself. As much as she loves them, she believes they sometimes respond to issues in light of who she once was. An old chum has the goods on you. With recently made friends, you can turn over a new leaf.I) A new friend, chosen right, can also help you point your boat in the direction you want to go. Hanna Dershowitz, 39, an attorney and mother in Los Angeles, found that a new acquaintance from workwas exactly what she needed in a friend. In addition to liking and respecting Julia, Dershowitz had a feeling that the fit and athletic younger woman would help her to get in shape.J) While you’re busy making new friends, remember that you still need to nurture your old ones. We asked Marla Paul, author of The Friendship Crisis: Finding, Making, and Keeping Friends When You’re Not a Kid Anymore, for the best ways to maintain these important relationships. Keep in touch. Your friends should be a priority; schedule regular lunch dates or coffee catch-up sessions, no matter how busy you are. Know her business. Keep track of important events in a friend’s life and show your support. Call or e-mail to let her know you’re thinking of her. Speak your mind. Tell a friend (politely) if something she did really upset you. If you can’t be totally honest, then you need to reexamine the relationship. Accept her flaws. No one is perfect, so work around her quirks –she’s chronically late, or she’s a bit negative -- to cut down on frustration and fights. Boost her ego. Heartfelt compliments make everyone feel great, so tell her how much you love her new sweater or what a great job she did on a work project.1. A few years ago the author felt lonely and depressed when she phoned her best friend in another city who was muchwanted then but unavailable.2. Leslie Danzig thought making friends at one's middle age needed some reasons.3. According to Kathleen Hall, one might feel sensitive in the first course of making new friends.4. Midlife friendship can help you realize your direction of life and reinforce the progress you’ve made in your life.5. In Mafia Paul’s book, to be a better friend, you should keep track with your friends, care for your friend’s job,express yourself, accept her flaws and compliment your friend for her/his good dressing and job.6. A well-chosen new friend can help you go in the direction that you like.7. For the author, a girl friend might be the right person to understand her and erase her negative feeling.8. According to Michelle Metes, midlife friendship is based on the shared values and activities9. With newly made friends, you can have a chance to take on a new look in your life.10. As a mature friend seeker, the author finds herself with enough confidence to offer and take rejection with grace.

Section C In-depth ReadingMost young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or in winter, skating or skiing. It may be a game of some kind—football, hockey, golf, or tennis. It may be mountaineering.Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains? This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure.Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there are for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods.If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a “team game”. We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no “matches” between “teams” of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend, there is obvious teamwork.The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities.A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier (滑雪手) is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is not unusual for a man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps. They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of efforts, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment.1. Mountaineering involves___.A) cold B) hardship C) physical risk D) all of the above2. The difference between a sport and a game has to do with the kind of_.A) activity B) rules C) uniform D) participants3. Mountaineering can be called a team sport because_.A) it is an Olympic event B) teams compete against each otherC) mountaineers depend on each other while climbing D. there are 5 climbers in each team4. Mountaineers compete against_.A) nature B) each other C) other teams D) international standards5. The best title for the passage is_____.A) Mountaineering Is Different from Golf and Football B) Mountaineering Is More Attractive than Other SportsC) Mountaineering D) Mountain Climbers

Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? Are you like many young people who leave home to study in another country thinking you will have lots of fun? Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity to discover fascinating things and a feeling of freedom. In spite of these advantages, however, there are also some challenges you will encounter. Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficulty adjusting to a new culture and to those parts of the culture not familiar to you. This is called “culture shock”. At least four essential stages of adjustment occur during culture shock.The first stage is called “the honeymoon”. In this stage, you are excited about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everything, and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of like in a new culture seems to have no ending.Eventually, however, the second stage of culture shock appears. This is “the hostility stage”. You begin to notice that not everything is as god as you had originally thought it was. You become tired of many things about the new culture. Moreover, people don’t treat you like a guest anymore. Everything that seemed to be so wonderful at first is now awful, and everything makes you feel distressed and tired.Usually at this point in your adjustment to a new culture, you devise some defense mechanisms to help you cope and to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock. One type of coping mechanism is called “repression”. This happens when you pretend that everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers you. Another type of defense mechanism is called “regression”. This occurs when you start to act as if you are younger than you actually are; you act like a child. You forget everything, and sometimes you become careless and irresponsible. The third kind of defense mechanism is called “isolation”. You would rather be home alone, and you don’t want to communicate with anybody. With isolation, you try to avoid the effects of culture shock, or at least that’s what you think. Isolation is one of the worst coping mechanisms you can use because it separates you from those things that could really help you. The last type of defense mechanism is called “rejection”. With this coping mechanism, you think you don’t need anybody. You feel you are coping fine alone, so you don’t try to ask for help.The defense mechanisms you utilize in the hostility stage are not helpful. If you only occasionally use one of these coping mechanisms to help yourself survive, that is acceptable. You must be cautious, however. These mechanisms can really hurt you because they prevent you from making necessary adjustments to the new culture.After you deal with your hostile feelings, recognition of the temporary nature of culture shock begins. Then you come to the third stage called “recovery”. In this stage, you start feeling more positive, and you try to develop comprehension of everything you don’t understand. The whole situation starts to become more favorable; you recover from the symptoms of the first two stages, and you adjust yourself to the new norms, values, and even beliefs and traditions of the new country. You begin to see that even though the distinction of the culture is different from your own, it has elements that you can learn to appreciate.The last stage of culture shock is called “adjustment”. In this stage, you have reached a point where you actually feel good because you have learned enough to understand the new culture. The things that initially made you feel uncomfortable or strange are now things that you understand. This acquisition of understanding alleviates much of the stress. Now you feel comfortable; you have adjusted to the new culture.Culture shock is not something you can avoid when living in a foreign country. It does not seem like a very helpful experience when you are going through its four stages. However, when you have completely adjusted to a new culutre you can more fully enjoy it. You learn how to interact with other people, and you learn a considerable amount about life in a culture that is not your own. Furthermore, learning about other cultures and how to adjust to the shock of living in them helps you learn more about yourself.1. According to Paragraph 1, studying in a different country means __.A) an opportunity to get richB) adjusting to culture shock all the timeC) meeting both advantages and challengesD) discovering interesting things and a feeling of freedom2. What do we learn about the honeymoon stage?A) You think that everything will always be perfect.B) You mainly experience the positive elements of life in a new culture.C) You feel that daytime becomes much longer.D) You feel like you are taking a holiday to another country with friends.3. Why should you be cautious even when occasionally using one of the defense mechanisms?A) Because they keep one away from feeling that these mechanisms are useful.B) Because they prevent one from being easily affected by cultural differences.C) Because they keep one away from protecting himself against the effects of culture shock.D) Because they prevent one from making necessary adjustments to the new culture.4. In the final stage of culture shock, you feel good about the new culture because .A) you have come to understand what you didn’t understand beforeB) you have learned something from what you felt uncomfortable about beforeC) you have acquired enough language to help you to adjustD) you have got used to the feeling of being taken as foreigners5. You learn more about yourself when .A) you can avoid culture shockB) you learn about a new culture and how to adjust to the shock of living in itC ) you are going through the fourth and final stage of culture shockD) you have lived in a new culture for at least one year

Part III Translation1.一所大学，就本质而言，既要为学生提供职业培训，又要让学生接受教育。A university,__________________and education.2.一方面，学生通过学习专业技能，获得了成为专业人士的起码资格。On the one hand, the studentsthrough acquiring professional skills.3.另一方面，学生需要接触人类最优秀的思想家的思想。On the other hand, the students should_what the best human minds have thought..4.大部分的精神财富都蕴藏在书籍里。Most of theare stored in books.5.通过阅读，学生获得前人领悟并留传给他们的知识，从而成为文明的人。Through books, the students can acquire what the past learnt for them__________.