题目内容
After observing that carbolic acid could reduce wound infections in cattle, __________ surgeon and scientist Joseph Lister (1827–1912, "founder of antiseptic medicine") hypothesized that this compound had antiseptic properties, and he tested it on human subjects. One of the first patients to receive this treatment was James Greenless, an eleven-year-old boy who had a compound fracture of the leg. The boy recovered from his treatment without infection or amputation.
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In ______, Robert Bartholomew (1831–1904) noticed that his 30-year-old mentally disabled patient, Mary Rafferty, had a two-inch hole in her skull caused by a cancerous ulcer. He took advantage of this opportunity to study her brain and inserted electrodes into the hole.
In 1897, the ___________ bacteriologist Giuseppe Sanarelli (1864–1940) claimed to have isolated the bacterium which causes yellow fever from the blood of patients with the disease. To test his hypothesis, he injected the bacteria into five patients without their consent. The patients all developed yellow fever symptoms and three died. Canadian physician William Osler (1849–1919) and many other physicians sharply criticized Sanarelli's experiments.
An important medical experiment that helped to pioneer the use of informed consent documents took place in Cuba in the earlier 1900s, when US Army physician, pathologist and bacteriologist Walter Reed (1851–1902) sought to establish the cause of _________________.
In ______, William Beaumont (1785–1853) asked his patient Alexis St. Martin to sign a document which some have regarded as a consent form, but it was more like an employment contract.
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