问答题
Section B<br>Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhoea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.<br>Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density.<br>A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The antimicrobial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies.<br>What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination？ A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.<br>Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form. a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child.<br>Summary:<br>Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from【61】______but also from infections caused by contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with【62】_____. Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.<br>Fermented foods have higher【63】______, and also have antimicrobial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their【64】______is increased. Fermentation occurs when【65】______is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives.<br>(31)
问答题
Women are a force for change in Australian society. The pride of place given to men as almost the sole shapers of Australian history is being challenged.<br>Today husbands more often than no share household chores, and more 79. ______<br>men are finding women alongside them in the workplace. It may be some<br>time before there is a woman prime minister of Australia, but the need<br>of women at the top--and their to be there--is now widely recognized. 80. ______<br>The growing role of men in the Australian work force is a cause and 81. ______<br>consequence of change attitudes and lifestyles in Australian society. 82. ______<br>In offices, laboratories and factories, in social and political<br>organizations, women are making their presence feel. There are almost no 83. ______<br>remaining legal barriers against women in Australia in jobs, commercial<br>contracts, politics and social life. The barriers that mainly stem from modem 84. ______<br>attitudes built into society. They are not easily changed by new laws.<br>Women have brought out the most significant change in the Australian 85. ______<br>work force simply by entering it in thousands, and by seeking jobs which<br>before were assumed to be suitable with men only. There are now women in 86. ______<br>Australia drive buses, taxis, racing cars and 50-ton trucks. They are 87. ______<br>racehorse jockeys (职业赛马骑手). They are apprentice electricians and<br>mechanics. They are air-traffic controllers. They shear sheep and worked as 88. ______<br>laborers. They are judges members of parliament.<br>(89)
问答题
Section A<br>The idea that science can, and should, be run according to fixed and universal rules, is both unrealistic and pernicious. (81) It is unrealistic, for it takes too simple a view of the talents of man and of the circumstances which encourage, or cause, their development. And it is pernicious, for the attempt to enforce the rules is bound to increase our professional qualifications at the expense of our humanity. (82) In addition, the idea is detrimental to science, for it neglects the complex physical and historical conditions which influence scientific change. It makes our science less adaptable and more dogmatic: every methodological rule is associated with cosmological assumptions, so that using the rule we take it for granted that the assumptions are correct. Naive falsificationism takes it for granted that the laws of nature are manifest and not hidden beneath disturbances of considerable magnitude. (83) Empiricism takes it for granted that sense experience is a better mirror of the world than pure thought. Praise of" argument takes it for granted that the artifices of Reason give better results than the unchecked play of our emotions. Such assumptions may be perfectly plausible and even true. Still, one should occasionally put them to a test. Putting them to a test means that we stop using the methodology associated with them, start doing science in a different way and see what happens. Case studies such as those reported in the preceding chapters show that such tests occur all the time, and that they speak against the universal validity of any rule. (84) All methodologies have their limitations and the only "rule" that survives is "anything goes. "<br>(85) The change of perspective brought about by these discoveries leads once more to the long- forgotten problem of the excellence of science. It leads to it for the first time in modern history, for modem science overpowered its opponents, it did not convince them. Science took over by force, not by argument (this is especially true of the former colonies where science and the religion of brotherly love were introduced as a matter of course, and without consulting, or arguing with, the inhabitants). Today we realize that rationalism, being bound to science, cannot give us any assistance in the issue between science and myth and we also know that myths are vastly better than rationalists have dared to admit. Thus we are now forced to raise the question of the excellence of science.<br>(80)
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