外语类 - 托福

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According to the professor, what is the basic philosophical foundation of the nation？

A. John Locke"s three concepts.
B. Voltaire"s first Amendment.
C. Montesquieu"s Constitution.
D. Machiavelli and Hobbe.

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What can be inferred based on the description of the comets center as a potato？

A. The comet has holes and bulbs like a potato.
B. The surface of the comet is too smooth to resemble a potato.
C. The comet is as smooth as people expected.
D. Some parts of the comet haven"t been smoothed.

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What are the suggestions that the tutor gave to Ana on her course settlement in the foundation year？[Clink on 2 answers. ]

A. She can only take six modules.
B. She could take German as an option next year.
C. She needs IELTS for the first year of the degree.
D. She should take English as a foreign language.

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According to Paragraph 12, which of the following can be inferred about the effect of high-tech music systems on drivers？

A. It is convenient to listen to music when drivers are driving.
B. It is one of the causes leading to traffic accidents.
C. It is not easy for drivers to change a cassette or disc.
D. It attracts the drivers" attention and takes their eyes off the road.

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In Paragraph 5, why does the author mention Homo Erectus and Homo Habilis？

A. To contrast them with modern humans.
B. To explain when human ancestors began to make tools.
C. To show that early humans were also predominantly right-handed.
D. To prove that the population of Neanderthals was very large.

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Which of the following can be inferred about the authors opinion of the average studiers？

A. They study sufficiently but don"t work more than necessary.
B. The average studier takes his education seriously and will study with friends.
C. The line between education and having a good time is not so clear.
D. They leave college with a solid education and are much more socially adept.

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What can be inferred about student

A. He tries to summarize what the professor has said.
B. He tries to express his own opinion.
C. He raises a question on the topic.
D. He becomes quite confused on the topic.

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听力原文： The news media in the U. S. consists of radio, television, magazines, and newspapers which are pervasive in the lives of many Americans and influential in their daily routines. Many Americans begin their day reading the newspaper or watching a morning news program on television while drinking their coffee. While driving to work, the news can be heard on the car radio. Throughout the day the news is a prime feature on the television with up to two hours of news in the early evening and more news late at night. For those who prefer reading, the evening newspaper offers the reader the possibility of reading the news others see and hear on television. The news media in the U. S. are free of government control. It is up to the general public to choose what to read, watch or listen to. Therefore, the media must have sensitivity to the interests of the public...therefore news is a big business. However, it is a very competitive business, as each station or each paper competes for audiences and readers. Each tries to present to the news Americans want to know. When an item becomes newsworthy, such as an election or a war, Americans will become familiar with the most minute details as the news media scrambles to provide as much information as possible. The result though is that the news often becomes repetitive. As the news media reports the same news items thought to be the most interesting and impressive, listeners, viewers or readers might find it difficult to be selective. Nevertheless, most Americans will not criticize their news media too harshly. The credibility of the news media is generally acknowledged and accepted by the American public, although some people are more skeptical. One of the three (ABC, NBC, and CBS) major commercial networks, CBS was organized in 1928 when its founder, William Paley, acquired ownership of a group of radio stations. As the Columbia Broadcasting System expanded its operations, soon becoming the largest radio network in the United States, it recognized the potential in the rapidly evolving television broadcasting technology. On July 13, 1931, it began experimental television broadcasting in New York, and then ten years later began regular black-and-white weekly broadcasts over its WCBW-TV station in the same city, which became WCBS-TV in November 1946. With Television City in Hollywood, CBS launched the industrys first full-scale production studio. Today, CBS owns television stations, radio stations, and home-video production and distribution interests. The CBS Broadcasting Group is composed of six divisions: network television, entertainment, sports, news, local television stations, and radio. For most of commercial television history, CBS has been the network leader in prime-time ratings, having the highest-rated shows in almost every year from the mid-1950s through the mid-1980s; however recently CBS lost its top position to NBC. CBS has traditionally been strong in the TV news area. The network began the first regular TV news program in 1948 with Douglas Edwards as anchor. Journalism legends such as Edward R. Murrow and Walter Cronkite have given CBS its reputation as quality news broadcaster. Professor Well do any of you know a journalist working in CBS？ Ok, uh, my friend Tom is a popular journalist. Student A Yes, I know him. I really enjoyed the pieces he had in the paper. That was good journalism. Professor Well, you know, its always nice to get a pat on the back once in a while for their hard work. Student A They deserve it. I cant say that for all journalists, however. Professor Im sorry to admit that many reporters are giving the profession a bad name. Student B There is a desire on the part of many papers to go for the sensational. Theyre always looking for the headlines that will attract the readers attention. Professor And reporters like to have their story be the one that is noticed. Im glad you appreciated mine even if it wasnt sensational. Student A Youre right. It wasnt sensational, but it was some good investigative reporting on a subject that is of interest to everyone. Professor It seems like bad things people do get a lot more attention than the good things they do. Student B I have been thinking about another aspect of journalism. Do you think reporters should express their opinions？ Professor Thats a "biggie". Its one of the big questions in the profession. Many people think that a reporter should just give the facts and nothing more. I think, however, it is almost impossible to report on an issue without slanting it toward your personal beliefs, especially if you have strong feelings. I guess its a good thing that not all newspapers are printed from the same point of view.Narrator Listen to part of a talk in a mass media class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.<br>What is the talk mainly about？

A. The development of the news media in the U. S.
B. The pros and cons of journalism.
C. The development of Columbia Broad-casting System.
D. The features of the news media in the U.S.

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"Geothermal Energy" → Geothermal energy is natural heat from the interior of the Earth that is converted to heat buildings and generate electricity. The idea of harnessing Earths internal heat is not new. As early as 1904, geothermal power was used in Italy. Today, Earths natural internal heat is being used to generate electricity in 21 countries, including Russia, Japan, New Zealand, Iceland, Mexico, Ethiopia, Guatemala, El Salvador, the Philippines, and the United States. Total worldwide production is appr0aching 9,000 MW (equivalent to nine large modern coalburning or nuclear power plants)—double the amount in 1980. Some 40 million people today receive their electricity from geothermal energy at a cost competitive with that of other energy sources. In El Salvador, geothermal energy is supplying 30% of the total electric energy used. However, at the global level, geothermal energy supplies less than 0.15% of the total energy supply. → Geothermal energy may be considered a nonrenewable energy source when rates of extraction are greater than rates of natural replenishment. However, geothermal energy has its origin in the natural heat production within Earth, and only a small fraction of the vast total resource base is being utilized today. Although most ge0thermal energy production involves the tapping of high heat sources; people are also using the low-temperature geothermal energy of groundwater in some applications. Geothermal Systems →A The average heat flow from the interior of the Earth is very low, about 0.06 W/m2.B This amount is trivial compared with the 177 W/m2 from solar heat at the surface in the United States. However, in some areas, heat flow is sufficiently high to be useful for producing energy. For the most part, areas of high heat flow are associated with plate tectonic boundaries. Oceanic ridge systems (divergent plate boundaries) and areas where mountains are being uplifted and volcanic island arcs are forming (convergent plate boundaries) are areas where this natural heat flow is anomalously high. C On the basis of geological criteria, several types of hot geothermal systems (with temperatures greater than about 80℃, or 176°F) have been defined, and the resource base is larger than that of fossil fuels and nuclear energy combined. A common system for energy development is hydrothermal convection, characterized by the circulation of steam and/or hot water that transfers heat from depths to the surface. D Geothermal Energy and the Environment → The environmental impact of geothermal energy may not be as extensive as that of other sources of energy, but it can be considerable. When geothermal energy is developed at a particular site, environmental problems include on-site noise, emissions of gas, and disturbance of the land at drilling sites, disposal sites, roads and pipelines, and power plants. Development of geothermal energy does not require large-scale transportation of raw materials or refining of chemicals, as development of fossil fuels does. Furthermore, geothermal energy does not produce the atmospheric pollutants associated with burning fossil fuels or the radioactive waste associated with nuclear energy. However, geothermal development often does produce considerable thermal pollution from hot waste-waters, which may be saline or highly corrosive, producing disposal and treatment problems. → Geothermal power is not very popular in some locations among some people. For instance, geothermal energy has been produced for years on the island of Hawaii, where active volcanic processes provide abundant near-surface heat. There is controversy, however, over further exploration and development. Native Hawaiians and others have argued that the exploration and development of geothermal energy degrade the tropical forest as developers construct roads, build facilities, and drill wells. In addition, religious and cultural issues in Hawaii relate to the use of geothermal energy. For example, some people are offended by using the "breath and water of Pele" (the volcano goddess) to make electricity. This issue points out the importance of being sensitive to the values and cultures of people where development is planned. Future of Geothermal Energy At present, geothermal energy supplies only a small fraction of the electrical energy produced in the United States. However, if developed, known geothermal resources in the United States could produce about 20,000 MW which is about 10% of the electricity needed for the western states. Geohydrothermal resources not yet discovered could conservatively provide four times that amount (approximately 10% of total U.S. electric capacity), about equivalent to the electricity produced from water power today.<br>In paragraph 1, the author introduces the concept of geothermal energy by

A. explaining the history of this energy source worldwide
B. arguing that this energy source has been tried unsuccessfully
C. comparing the production with that of other energy sources
D. describing the alternatives for generating electric power

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听力原文： The earliest libraries existed thousands of years ago in China and Egypt where collections of records on tablets of baked clay were kept in temples and royal palaces. In the western world, libraries were first established in Ancient Greece. For example, Aristotle once had a research library in the 3rd century BC. The first library in the Unites States was a private library, which could only be used by authorized readers. In 1633, John Harvard gave money and more than 300 books to a newly-established college in Massachusetts. In return for his generosity, the legislature voted the school to be named Harvard College. The librarian there set rules for the new library. Only college students and faculty members could use the books. No book could be lent out for more than one month. The earliest public library was established in Philadelphia in 1731. Although this library was open to every one, all readers had to pay a membership or subscription fee in order to borrow books. Very few subscription libraries exist today. Some book and stationary stores maintain small rental libraries, where anyone may borrow books for a daily charge. The first truly free public library that circulated books to every one at no cost, was started in a small New England town in 1833. Today, there are more than 7000 free public libraries throughout the U. S. They contain about 160 million books which are circulated to over 52 million readers. Historically, the major purpose of free public libraries was educational. They were expected to provide adults with the opportunity to continue their education after they left school. So the function of public library was once described as "less reservoir than a fountain". In other words, emphasis was to be placed on wide circulation rather than on collecting and storing books. Over the years public library services have greatly expanded. In addition to their continuing and important educational role, public libraries provide culture and recreation, and they are trying to fill many changing community needs. Most libraries offer browsing rooms where readers can relax on comfortable chairs and read current newspapers and magazines. Many also circulate music records. Library programs on films, lectures, reading clubs, and concerts also attract library users. In addition to books, records, periodicals, and reference materials, libraries provide technical information such as books and pamphlets on gardening, carpentry and other specialized fields of interests. The largest public library in the U. S. is the Library of Congress. It was originally planned as the reference library for the federal legislature. Today, in addition to that important function, it serves as the reference library for the public, and sends out many books to other libraries on the inter-library-loan system. Unlike free pubic libraries, which are open to everyone, private libraries can be used only by authorized readers. Many industrial and scientific organizations and business firms have collections of books, journals and research data for their staff. Several private historical associations have research collections of special interest to their members. In addition, many elementary and secondary schools operate libraries for use by students and teachers. Prisons and hospitals maintain libraries, too. The largest and most important private libraries are operated by colleges and universities. These libraries are used by students, faculty members, and occasionally by visiting scholars. Many universities have special libraries for research in particular fields, such as law, medicine and education. Recent surveys report that mere than 300 million books are available in these academic libraries and they are regularly used by over 8 million students.Narrator Listen to part of a lecture about libraries. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.<br>What is the main purpose of the talk？

A. To introduce categories of books in the U. S. libraries.
B. To demonstrate the importance of the U. S. libraries.
C. To explain the roles of different U. S. libraries.
D. To define the circulation system of the U. S. libraries.

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