GMAT - 语文部分（Verbal）

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Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization process in

A. It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.
B. It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Palne’s prescription for business ownership.
C. It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.
D. It has been successful, even though privatization has failed in other countries.
E. It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.

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A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era.Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fracturesin carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Breatar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher thanthose in the present-day species. In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic biasbecause older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejectedpreservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated thatthe fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias becausebreakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. Theexplanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-daycarnivores-in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due tomore thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcassconsumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, orthat there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively highpredator densities. The primary purpose of the passage is to______

A. present several explanations for a well-known fact
B. suggest alternative method of resolving a debate
C. argue in favor of a controversial theory
D. question the methodology used in a study
E. discuss the implications of a research finding

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According to the passage, which of the following is a factor that is threatening the survival of coral reef communities？

A. The waters they inhabit contain few nutrient resources.
B. A decline in nutrient input is disrupting their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
C. The degraded waters of their marine habitats have reduced their ability to carry out photosynthesis
D. They are too biologically complex to survive in habitats with minimal nutrient input.
E. Waste by-products result in an increase in nutrient input to reef communities.

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Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists’ discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In this view, people have an essential need for belonging that (5) is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues (10) relating to its economic position. While both of these definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States. Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common (15) cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations. One example of this process is the rise of participation by Native American people in the broader United States political system since the Civil Rights movement of the (20)1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate more actively in politics (the number of Native American legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional culture. Cultural and instrumental components of (25 )ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce one another. The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed (30) community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerg- ing issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican American advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the (35) nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contem- porary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for con- (40) temporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays having been reinvented in the context of the United States and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United States Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage？

A. In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity, sociologists have underestimated the power of the primordial human need to belong.
B. Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with shared political and economic interests.
C. In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic groups have begun to organize in order to further their political and economic interests.
D. Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly changed by the Civil Rights movement.
E. The two definitions of ethnicity that have dominated sociologists discussions are incompatible and should be replaced by an entirely new approach.

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The passage suggests which of the following about service provided by the regional bank prior to its investment in enhancing that service？

A. It enabled the bank to retain customers at an acceptable rate
B. It threatened to weaken the bank’s competitive position with respect to other regional banks
C. It had already been improved after having caused damage to the bank’s reputation in the past.
D. It was slightly superior to that of the bank’s regional competitors.
E. It needed to be improved to attain parity with the service provided by competing banks.

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The passage suggests that in 1968 Henry Cisneros most likely believed that______

A. many Mexican American would respond positively to the example of Benito Juarez.
B. many Mexican American were insufficiently educated in Mexican history
C. the fight for civil fights in the United States had many strong parallels in both Mexican and rish history.
D. the quickest way of organizing community-based groups was to emulate the tactics of Benito Juarez
E. Mexican Americans should emulate the strategies of Native American political leaders.

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It can be inferred from the passage that the initial production of histones after an egg is fertilized takes place______

A. in the cytoplasm
B. in the maternal genes
C. throughout the protoplasm
D. in the beaded portions of the DNA strings
E. in certain sections of the cell nucleus

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A difference in which of the following would be an example of inequality in transaction costs as alluded to in lines 40-43？

A. Maximum amounts of loans extended by a bank to businesses in differenct areas
B. Fees charged to large and small investors for purchasing stocks
C. Prices of similar goods offered in large and small stores in an area
D. Stipends paid to different attorneys for preparing legal suits for damages
Exchange rates in dollars for currencies of different countries

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Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence？

A. Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hourse were flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
B. Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to their sons.
C. Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the xisteenth and seventeenth centuries.
D. The vast amjority of female weavers in the Florenine wool industry had children.
E. Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to making cloths that requried a high degree of skill to produce.

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The passage mentions each of the following as a factor affecting current maps of Native American lands EXCEPT______

A. United States government policy
B. non-Native Americans’ perspective on Native Americans
C. origins of the information utilized to produce the maps
D. changes in wys that tribal lands are used
E. the reason for producing the maps

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