GMAT - 语文部分（Verbal）

不定项选择题

By asserting that manufacturers “are simply unaware” (line 31), the author suggests which of the following？

A. Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.
B. The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies.
C. Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.
D. The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people who would find the products useful.
E. The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock.

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The passage provides support for which of the following statements？

A. Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
B. Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
C. Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills
D. Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions.
E. Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.

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Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers -women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk. domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians (5) focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work” in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect. Unfortunately, emanci- (10) pation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segre- gation in the workplace. To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the (15) way a prevailing definition of femininity often etermines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption (20) that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereo- types associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because (25)women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs.And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life. declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of (30) men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.” More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female.” employers (35) showed surprisingly little interest in changing that percep- -tion, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important (40) war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was______

A. greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War
B. perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’s employment in wage labor
C. one means by which women achieved greater job security
D. reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious
E. a constant source of labor unrest in the young textile industry

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Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth .” Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affects behavior. by countering the activity in (5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. (10) Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is struc- (15) turally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would. For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attri- (20) buted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi- esterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP.A number of neurotransmitters exert their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentra- tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at (25) the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav- ioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production (30) of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other com- pounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not stimulants. To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by pre- (35) venting adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors (40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo- tion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most (45) effective compounds in both regards. There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX), which bound very (50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally (55) known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones. The primary purpose of the passage is to______

A. discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood
B. present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them
C. summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems encountered in the first two
D. describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it
E. challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and contradictions in it

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The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosaccharin？

A. To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system
B. To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins
C. To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant cell walls
D. To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell
E. To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells

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Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no suffi- (5) ciently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched. To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery (10) makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sedi- ments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the (15) heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the conti- nental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behid when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, (20) the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were (25) constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the sur- rounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down. As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the (30) isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of (35) these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years (40) have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages. However, it is important to note that other factors, (45) such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws (50) of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in______

A. suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
B. introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
C. emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
D. presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
E. initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory

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It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about

A. The ITC acted unfairly toward the complainant in its investigation.
B. The complaint violated the intent of import relief laws.
C. The response of the ITC to the complaint provided suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the complainant.
D. The ITC did not have access to appropriate information concerning the case.
Each of the companies involved in the complaint acted in its own best interest.

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All of the following are examples of the type of evidence used in creating “Most existing

A. a nineteenth-century governemtn report on population distribtuion of a particular tribe
B. taped conversations with people who lived on Native America ntribal lands in the early twentieth century
C. aerial photographs of geological features of lands inhabited by Native Americans
D. findings from a recently excavated site once inhabited by a certain Native American people
E. a journal kept by a non-Native American explorer who traveled in Native American territory in the early nineteenth century

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It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements？

A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
B. A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
C. A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
D. Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.

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The passage suggests that which of the following is most likely to be true of United States trade laws？

A. They will eliminate the practice of “dumping” products in the United States.
B. They will enable manufacturers in the United States to compete more profitably outside the United States.
C. They will affect United States trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.
D. Those that help one unit within a parent company will not necessarily help other units in the company.
E. Those that are applied to international companies will accomplish their intended result.

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