填空题
Andrew Carnegie[A] One of the captains of industry of 19th century America, Andrew Carnegie, helped build the American steel industry, a process that turned a poor young man into one of the richest entrepreneurs(企业家) of his age. Later in his life, Carnegie sold his steel business and systematically gave his fortune away to cultural, educational and scientific institutions for “the improvement of mankind.”[B] Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in 1835. The town was a center of the linen industry, and Andrew’s father was a weaver, a profession the young Carnegie was expected to follow. But the industrial revolution that would later make Carnegie the richest man in the world, destroyed the weavers’ craft. When the steam-powered looms(织布机) came to Dunfermline in 1847, hundreds of handloom weavers became unemployed. Andrew’s mother opened a small grocery shop and mended shoes to support the family.[C] “I began to learn what poverty meant, ” Andrew would later write. “It was burnt into my heart then that my father had to beg for work. And then and there came the determination that I would cure that when I got to be a man.”[D] The family moved to the United States in 1848, and began a new life in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. William Carnegie secured work in a cotton factory and his son Andrew took work in the same building as a bobbin boy for $1.20 a week. Later, Carnegie worked as a messenger boy in the city’s telegraph office. He did each job to the best of his ability and seized every opportunity to take on new responsibilities. For example, he memorized Pittsburgh’s street layout as well as the important names and addresses of those he delivered to.[E] Carnegie often was asked to deliver messages to the theater. He arranged to make these deliveries at night－and stayed on to watch plays by Shakespeare and other great writers. In what would be a life-long pursuit of knowledge, Carnegie also took advantage of a small library that a local benefactor (捐助人) made available to working boys.[F] One of the men Carnegie met at the telegraph office was Thomas A. Scott, then a director at Pennsylvania Railroad. Scott was taken by the young worker and referred to him as “my boy Andy”, hiring him as his private secretary and personal telegrapher at $35 a month.[G] “I couldn't imagine, ” Carnegie said many years later, “what I could ever do with so much money.” Carnegie was always eager to shoulder new responsibilities, and he worked his way up the ladder in Pennsylvania Railroad and succeeded Scott as head of the Pittsburgh Division. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Scott was responsible for military transportation for the North and Carnegie worked as his right-hand man.[H] The Civil War fueled the iron industry, and by the time the war was over, Carnegie saw the potential in the field and resigned from Pennsylvania Railroad. It was one of many brave moves that would typify(成为…的标记) Carnegie’s life in industry and earn him his fortune. He then turned his attention to the Keystone Bridge Company, which worked to replace wooden bridges with stronger iron ones. In three years he had an annual income of $50,000.[I] Carnegie would continue making huge amounts of money for the next 30 years. To improve the efficiency of his steel plant, Carnegie would make use of the Bessemer Process, which was the first cheap process for mass-producing steel. Carnegie threw his own money into the process and even borrowed heavily to build a new steel plant near Pittsburgh. Carnegie was strict in keeping down costs and managed by the saying “watch costs and the profits take care of themselves.”[J] “I think Carnegie’s genius was first of all, an ability to foresee how things were going to change,” says historian John Ingram. “Once he saw that something was of potential benefit to him, he was willing to invest enormously in it.”[K] Still, Carnegie’s steel plants developed rapidly, and by 1900, Carnegie Steel produced more of the metal than all of Great Britain. That was also the year that financier J. P. Morgan issued a major challenge to Carnegie’s steel empire. While Carnegie believed he could beat Morgan in a battle that could last five, 10 or 15 years, the fight did not appeal to the 64-year-old man eager to spend more time with his wife Louise, whom he had married in 1886 at the age of 51, and their daughter, Margaret.[L] Carnegie wrote the asking price for his steel business on a piece of paper and had one of his managers deliver the offer to Morgan. Morgan accepted immediately, buying the company for $480 million. “Congratulations, Mr Carnegie,” Morgan said to Carnegie when they finalized the deal, “you are now the richest man in the world.”[M] Carnegie liked to say that “the man who dies rich dies disgraced (不光彩),” and turned his attention to giving away his fortune. He disliked charity, and instead put his money to use helping others help themselves. That was the reason he spent much of his fortune on establishing over 2,500 public libraries as well as supporting institutions of higher learning, and endowed organizations (many still in existence today) dedicated to research in science, education, world peace and other causes. Among his gifts was the $1.1 million required for the land and construction costs of Carnegie Hall, the legendary New York City concert venue that opened in 1891. By the time Carnegie’s life was over, he gave away 350 million dollars.____________41.Thomas A. Scott was in charge of military transportation during the Civil War.____________42. Andrew Carnegie had a passion for reading.____________43. Andrew Carnegie’s father earned a living as a handloom weaver.____________44. Andrew Carnegie preferred spending time with his family to beating off J. P Morgan’s challenge.____________45. Andrew Carnegie drew the attention of Thomas A. Scott because of his approach to work.____________46. The many brave decisions made by Andrew Carnegie throughout his professional life werecharacteristic of him.____________47. Andrew Carnegie relied on the principles of cost accounting to run his steel plants.____________48. Andrew Carnegie spent a large part of his fortune for the purpose or educational advancement.____________49. Andrew Carnegie was determined not to follow in his father’s footsteps when he grew up.____________50. Andrew Carnegie used a new industrial process to improve the efficiency of his steel plants.
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