超星 - 2021-2022-1英语1阅读补充作业

单选题

Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago—by McDonald's. According to a new study from Cornell University's Food and Brand Lab, small non-food rewards--like the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals--stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does.The researchers, led by Martin Reimann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with a non-food item.They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a haft-sized portion when combined with a prize. Both options were priced the same.Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket (彩票), with a $10, $ 50 or $100 payout, and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less."The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting," says Reimann.He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective. In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard odds included."One explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking than certainty Reimann." The of added attraction and awards," says uncertainty winning provides desirability through emotional 'thrills.' The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state of hope--a state that is in itself psychologically rewarding." In other words, there's a reason why people like to gamble.How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa (温泉疗养) weekend. Or maybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a future date. That would get you back in the restaurant--and make you eat a little less.51. What do we learn about McDonald's inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals?

A. It may shed light on people's desire to crack a secret.
B. It has proved to be key to McDonald's business success.
C. It appeals to kid's curiosity to find out what is hidden inside.
D. It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake.

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单选题

52. What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?

A. Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald's more.
B. Most kids and adults don't actually feel hungry when they eat half of their meal.
C. Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike.
D. Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item.

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单选题

53. What is most interesting in Martin Reimann's finding?

A. Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy.
B. Adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award.
C. Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions.
D. Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy.

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单选题

54. How does Martin Reimann interpret his finding?

A. The emotional component of the prizes is at work.
B. People now care more about quality than quantity.
C. People prefer certainty awards to possible awards.
D. The desire for a future reward is overwhelming.

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单选题

55. What can we infer from Martin Reimann's finding?

A. People should eat much less if they wish to stay healthy and happy.
B. More fast food restaurants are likely to follow McDonald's example.
C. We can lead people to eat less while helping the restaurant business.
D. More studies are needed to find out the impact of emotion on behavior.

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单选题

Passage Three"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote," are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation. "Two and a haft century on, most countries impose some sort of tax on alcohol and tobacco. With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. A preliminary review of Mexico's taxation found a fall in purchases of taxed drinks as well as a rise in sales of untaxed and healthier drinks. By contrast, a Danish tax on foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.The food industry has, in general, been firmly opposed to such direct government action. Nonetheless, the renewed focus on waistlines means that industry groups are under pressure to demonstrate their products are healthy as well as tasty.Over the past three decades, the industry has made some efforts to improve the quality of its offerings. For example, some drink manufacturers have cut the amount of sugar in their beverages.Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. More recently, however, some companies have been investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell. For example, having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste.While reformulating recipes ( 配方) is one way to improve public health, it should be part of a multi-sided approach. The key is to remember that there is not just one solution. To deal with obesity, a mixture of approaches--including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes--will be needed. There is no silver bullet.56. What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco?

A. They were profitable to manufacture.
B. They were in ever-increasing demand.
C. They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.
D. They were no longer considered necessities of life.

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单选题

57. Why have many countries started to consider taxing sugar?

A. They are under growing pressure to balance their national budgets.
B. They find it ever harder to cope with sugar-induced health problems.
C. The practice of taxing alcohol and tobacco has proved both popular and profitable.
D. The sugar industry is overtaking alcohol and tobacco business in generating profits.

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58. What do we learn about Danish taxation on fat-rich foods?

A. It did not work out as well as was expected.
B. It gave rise to a lot of problems on the border.
C. It could not succeed without German cooperation.
D. It met with firm opposition from the food industry.

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单选题

59. What is the more recent effort by food companies to make foods and drinks both healthy and tasty?

A. Replacing sugar or salt with alternative ingredients.
B. Setting a limit on the amount of sugar or salt in their products.
C. Investing in research to find ways to adapt to consumers' needs.
D. Adjusting the physical composition of their products.

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单选题

60. What does the author mean by saying, at the end of the passage, "There is no silver bullet" (Line 4, Para.7)?

A. There is no single easy quick solution to the problem.
B. There is no hope of success without public cooperation.
C. There is no hurry in finding ways to solve the obesity problem.
D. There is no effective way to reduce people's sugar consumption.

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