Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest, and their modern counterparts have everything from anabolic steroids and growth hormones to doses of extra red blood cells with which to invigorate their bodies. These days, however, such stimulants are frowned on, and those athletes must therefore run the gauntlet of organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which would rather that athletes competed without resorting to them. The agencies have had remarkable success. Testing for anabolic steroids (in other words, artificial testosterone) was introduced in the 1970s, and the incidence of cheating seems to have fallen dramatically as a result. The tests, however, are not foolproof. And a study just published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism by Jenny Jakobsson Schulze and her colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden suggests that an individual’s genetic make-up could confound them in two different ways. One genotype, to use the jargon, may allow athletes who use anabolic steroids to escape detection altogether. Another may actually be convicting the innocent. The test usually employed for testosterone abuse relies on measuring the ratio of two chemicals found in the urine: testosterone glucuronide (TG) and epitestosterone glucuronide (EG). The former is produced when testosterone is broken down, while the latter is unrelated to testosterone metabolism, and can thus serve as a reference point for the test. Any ratio above four of the former to one Of the latter is, according to official Olympic policy, considered suspicious and leads to more tests. However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene called UGT2B17. This gene comes in two varieties, one of which has a part missing and therefore does not work properly. A person may thus have none, one or two working copies of UGT2B17, since he inherits one copy from each parent. Dr. Schulze guessed that different numbers of working copies would produce different test results. She therefore gave healthy male volunteers whose genes had been examined a single 360rag shot of testosterone (the standard dose for legitimate medical use) and checked their urine to see whether the shot could be detected. The result was remarkable. Nearly half of the men who carried no functional copies of UGT2B17 would have gone undetected in the standard doping test. By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection. The researchers estimate this would give a false-positive testing rate of 9% in a random population of young men. Dr. Schulze also says there is substantial ethnic variation in UGT2B17 genotypes. Two-thirds of Asians have no functional copies of the gene (which means they have a naturally low ratio of TG to EG), compared with under a tenth of Cancasians—something the anti-doping bodies may wish to take into account. In the meantime, Dr. Schulze’s study does seem to offer innocents a way of defending themselves. Athletes traveling to Beijing for the Olympic games may be wise to travel armed not only with courage and the "spirit of Olympianism", but also with a copy of their genetic profile, just in case. Which of the following is NOT true about UGT2B17, according to the passage
A. None, one or two working copies of UGT2B17 can be found in different people.
B. Test results would depend on numbers of working copies of UGT2B17.
C. Most Caucasians have no functional copies of UGT2B17.
D. Most Asians have no functional copies of UGT2B17.
由X线管焦点辐射出的X线穿过被检体时,受到被检体各组织的吸收和散射而衰减,使透过的X线强度的分布呈现差异,到达屏-片系统,转换成可见光强度的分布差异,并传递给胶片,形成银颗粒的空间分布,再经显影处理成为二维光学分布,形成X线照片影像。 决定X线“质”的因素主要是
A. kV
B. mA
C. 焦点大小
D. X线管方向
E. 被检体部位
X线胶片特性曲线是描绘曝光量与所产生的密度之间关系的一条曲线,由于这条曲线可以表示出感光材料的感光特性,所以称之为特性曲线。特性曲线的横坐标为曝光量,以对数值lgE表示;纵坐标为密度,以D表示。特性曲线由足部、直线部、肩部和反转部组成。足部密度的上升与曝光量不呈正比,曝光量增加很多,密度只有较小的增加。直线部密度与曝光量的增加呈正比,密度差保持一定,此时曲线沿一定的斜率直线上升。肩部密度随曝光量的增加而增加,但不呈正比。反转部随曝光量的增加密度反而下降,影像密度呈现逆转。特性曲线可提供感光材料的本底灰雾(Dmin)、感光度(S)、对比度(γ)、最大密度(Dmax)、宽容度(L)等参数,以表示感光材料的感光性能。 下列叙述正确的是
A. 产生反转是由于曝光不足所致
B. 胶片特性曲线为线性
C. 胶片感光速度越快,初感点越高
D. 直线部密度与曝光量成反比
E. 可表示感光材料的特性