What is the developing history of brain–computer interface (BCI)?
A. Professor Phillip Kennedy built the first intracortical brain–computer interface by implanting neurotrophic-cone electrodes into monkeys in 1987. After conducting initial studies in rats during the 1990s, Professor Miguel Nicolelis at Duke University developed BCIs that decoded brain activity in owl monkeys & used the devices to reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms. Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s.
B. In 1999, researchers led by Yang Dan at the University of California, Berkeley decoded neuronal firings to reproduce images seen by cats. In 2009, the NCTU Brain-Computer-Interface-headband was reported. In 2011, researchers reported a cellular based BCI with the capability of taking EEG data & converting it into a command to cause the phone to ring.
C. In 2015, the BCI Society was officially launched.
D. In 2017, Neurostyle launched the first commercially available BCI system called Neurostyle Brain Exercise Therapy Towards Enhance Recovery (NBETTER) for stroke rehabilitation. It comprises a system that detects motor imagery with virtual reality feedback mechanism & optional additional physical feedback using a Continuous Passive Movement device.
Ethical issues with disorder of consciousness (DOD) include:
A. Patients in coma, vegetative, or minimally conscious state pose ethical challenges. The patients are unable to respond, therefore the assessment of their needs can only be approached by adopting a third person perspective. DODs present a variety of ethical concerns. Most obvious is the lack of consent in any treatment decisions. Social issues arise from the enormous costs that are caused by people with DOD.
B. Neuroscience & brain imaging have allowed us to explore the brain activity of these patients more thoroughly. Recent findings from studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging have changed the way we view vegetative patients.
C. The images have shown that aspects emotional processing, language comprehension, & even conscious awareness might be retained in patients whose behavior suggests a vegetative state. If this is the case, it is unethical to allow a third party to dictate the life & future of the patient.
Defining death is an issue that comes with patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. The decision to withdraw life-sustaining care from these patients can be based on uncertain assessments about the individual's conscious awareness. Case reports have shown that these patients in a persistent vegetative state can recover unexpectedly. This raises the ethical question about the premature termination of care by physicians.
Major ethical issues with brain banking are:
A. the rights of the persons donating their tissue, the obligations of the brain bank with regard to respect and observance of such rights
B. informed consent, confidentiality
C. protection of personal data, collections of human biologic material and their management
D. transparency & accountability within the organization of a brain bank
Whichofthefollowingtermsaresignificantlyassociatedwithneuroethics?
A. neurobiology
B. neuroimmunology
C. neuropathology
D. neurooncology
Whichofthefollowingtermsaresignificantlyassociatedwithneuroethics?
A. epilepsy
B. neurotoxicology
C. environmental neuroethics
D. neuroepidemiology
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