These authorities 【34】______ that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is 【35】______ related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without 【36】______ their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, 【37】______ some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who 【38】______ reads.
Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 【39】______ . By some expert they would not be 【40】______ as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use. By the most 【41】______ and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to 【42】______ the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various 【43】______ , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do 【44】______ widely and enthusiastically. 【45】______ , reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.
【26】
A. substantively
B. substantially
C. substitutively
D. subjectively
Task 1
Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 through 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should make the correct choice.
A moment's drilling by the dentist may make us nervous and upset. Many of us cannot stand pain. To avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand the "needle"—a shot of novocaine—that deadens the nerves around the tooth.
Now it's line that the human body has developed its millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it. This helps us adjust to the world. Without our nerves—and our brain, which is a bundle of nerves—we wouldn't know what's happening. But we pay for our sensitivity. We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of your body. The history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain.
But there is a way to handle pain. Look at the Indian fakir who sits on a bed of nails. Fakirs can put a needle right through an arm. And feel no pain. This ability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the mind can deal with pain.
The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it. If the dentist says, "This will hurt a little", it helps us to accept the pain. By staying relaxed, and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation, we can handle the pain without falling apart. After all, although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life.
The purpose of this passage is mainly to tell us ______.
A. that pain is good for us
B. to stop taking the "needle" at the dentist's
C. how to handle pain
D. how to avoid torture