题目内容

The trouble with the term "behavior" is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior. -- that of understanding spoken or written language, for example -- has little or no physically observable signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken place by the changes that take place in the other person's behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his subsequent behavior. is a result of his understanding; it might be due to a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior. must be taken to include unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable behavior.
Once we admit that the study of language behavior. involves describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to perform. linguistically.
This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems, and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of speech: much less with the problem of what language is for, that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves more than a single individual.
What is the best title for this passage?

A. Language as Means of Communication
B. Language and Psychology
C. Language and the Individual
D. Language as a Social Phenomenon

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Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer.
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A. The organization of a conference.
B. The cost of renting a conference room.
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