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The political career of Cicero, a great Roman statesman and the most well-known speech-maker of his time, was a remarkable 01. At the time, high political offices in Rome, though technically achieved by 02 elections, were almost exclusively controlled by a group of wealthy noble families that had held them for many generations. Cicero's family, 03 noble, was not one of them, nor did it have great wealth. But Cicero had a great 04 of political ambition; at a very young age he chose as his basic belief the same one Achilles was said to have had: to always be the best and overtop the rest. Lacking the 05 of a proper family origin, there were essentially only two career options open to him. One was a military career, 06 military success was thought to 07 from exceptional personal qualities and could lead to popularity and therefore political opportunity as was the case much 08 for American presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Cicero, however, was 09 soldier. He hated war, and 10 in the military only very briefly as a young man.Instead, Cicero chose a career 11 the law. To prepare for this career, he studied law, rhetoric, and philosophy. When he felt he was 12, he began taking part in legal cases. A career in the law could lead to political success for several reasons, all of 13 are still relevant today. First, a lawyer would gain a great deal of 14 in making speeches. Second, he could also gain exposure and 15 from cases. Finally, a successful lawyer would build up a network of political connections, 16 is important now but was even more important in Cicero's time, 17 political competition was not conducted along party lines or on the basis of doctrine, but instead was based 18 loose, shifting networks of personal friendships and 19. Cicero proved to be an excellent speech-maker and lawyer, and an outstanding politician. He was elected to each of the principal Roman offices on his first try and at the earliest age at which he was legally allowed to 20 for them.

One important thing during the pre-Christmas rush at our house was the arrival of my daughter's kindergarten report card. She got 01 praise for her reading, vocabulary and overall enthusiasm. On the other hand, we 02 that she has work to do on her numbers and facility with the computer, though the detailed 03 report her teachers prepared is absent of any words that might be interpreted as negative in describing her 04. A number system indicates how she's measuring up in each area 05 any mention of passing or failing.All of 06 seems to make my daughter’s school neither fish nor fowl when 07 comes to the debate over the merits of giving formal grades to kids. At one 08, the advantages and disadvantages are obvious. A grade system provides a straightforward 09 by which to measure how your child is progressing at school —— and how he or she is getting 10 compared to other children.But as writer Sue Ferguson notes, “Grades can deceive,” The aim should be "to measure learning, not 11 what a student can recall on a test. ” The two aren’t the same — and if you doubt that as an adult, ask yourself whether you could sit down 12 any preparation and still pass those high-school-level examinations.If you're old 13, you've lived through this debate before. At one time, it was considered unfair to put children in direct competition with one another if it could be avoided. The intention 14 that may have been good, but it ignored the fact that competition, and the 15 to come out on top, are essential components of the human condition.This time around, educators working with a no-grades approach are emphasizing different reasons. The thing is, that approach is much more 16 in the adult workplace than is the traditional pass-fail system we place on our children. Many workplaces 17 regular employee evaluations. There are usually fairly strict limits to what an employer can tell an employee in those evaluations — and even then, negative evaluations can be 18 by the employee. No matter 19 you sit in the debate over the grade system, then, the real question is this: if it's so good for kids, why isn't that also true for 20?

In 1997, 25 Japanese citizens, all older than 60, launched Jeeba (the name means “old man and old woman") to make senior-01 products. They knew they were making history when they 02 their company motto: "Of the elderly, by the elderly and 03 the elderly. " They do not hire young people, and the 04 of their workers is 75.Firms 05 by senior citizens are still a rarity, in Japan and worldwide. But the elderly have numbers on their 06. Healthier and longer-living seniors，born immediately after World War II, are reaching retirement 07 in huge numbers all over the developed world. Extremely low 08 in those same countries mean there are far fewer young workers to take their 09. One likely consequence is now clear: 10 work forces.While the streamlining effects of international 11 are focusing attention on the need to create and keep good jobs, those fears will eventually give 12 to worries about the growing shortage of young workers. One unavoidable solution: putting older people back to work, 13 they like it or not. Indeed, advanced economies like those of Finland and Denmark have already raised their retirement ages. Others are 14 severe pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have recently warned their members that their future prosperity depends on a 15 contribution from the elderly.Whether these changes are good or bad news to workers depends on 16 they anticipate retirement with eagerness or dread. In the United States, half of working-age Americans now expect to work 17 their 70s, whether by financial necessity or by lifestyle 18, according to a new study by Putnam Investments.Contrary to still widespread assumptions, there is very little hard evidence to suggest that companies cannot stay competitive with a 19 share of older workers. At British hardware chain B&Q, its “elder worker" stores in Manchester and Exmouth were 18 percent more 20 than its regular outlets — due in part, the company says, to six times less employee turnover and 60 percent less shoplifting and breakage.

One of the key challenges in urban architecture over the next 50 years will be figuring out how to squeeze vast numbers of additional people into urban areas that are already extremely 01. London, for example, will 02 have to deal with a projected 100, 000 extra inhabitants every year until 2016. The 03 plan of building new “satellite towns” of the city causes a lot of problems -- but architecture 04 tanks are working on ambitious solutions that go vertical instead of horizontal in search of 05.In 06 of population density, London is one of the 07 crowded major cities in the world — four times fewer people per square kilometer than Paris, for example, six times fewer than New York and eight times fewer than Cairo. But the fact remains that the city's population is 08 at a rapid rate, and horizontal expansion into the surrounding areas is 09 up increasingly important agricultural land, as well as worsening all the transport problems that come with urban 10.Popular Architecture would propose a radically 11 solution. The proposal is to go upwards, with vertical towers of considerable size, each representing an entire new town by the time it's 12. Each tower would be 1500 meters high. 13 mere accommodation, each tower would function as an entire town unit, with its own schools, hospitals, parks and gardens, sports facilities, business areas and community spaces. The population density of such a tower could help 14 the individual energy requirements of each inhabitant, reducing the ecological impact of the population as a whole.The village towers are considered as hollow tubes, with large holes to allow 15 and air through the entire construction. Occasional floor discs spread 16 the height of the building will give inhabitants large central areas in the middle of the tube to use as 17 spaces.While the building itself is 18 ever to be seriously considered for construction -- imagine the number of elevators it would need, let 19 the safety implications of open areas at such heights and with such wind exposure — the concept can serve as a conversation-starter for urban planners looking to 20 the challenges of the current and coming centuries.