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The homeless make up a growing percentage of American’s population． (62) homelessness has reaches such proportions that government can’t possibly (63) ．T0 help homeless people (64) independence, the federal government must support job training programs, (65) the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing． (66) everyone agrees on the numbers of American who ae homeless．Estimates range (67) from 600, 000 to 3 million． (68) the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter：that the number of the homeless is (69) , one of the federal governments’ studies (70) that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade． Finding ways to (71) this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult． (72) when homeless individuals manage to find a (73) that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day (74) on the street．Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs．And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders．Many others, (75) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday (76) skills need to turn their lives (77) ． Boston Globereporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are (78) programs that address the many needs of the homeless． (79) Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, (80) it, "There has to be (81) of programs．What’s need is a package deal．\
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The homeless make up a growing percentage of American’s population． (62) homelessness has reaches such proportions that government can’t possibly (63) ．T0 help homeless people (64) independence, the federal government must support job training programs, (65) the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing． (66) everyone agrees on the numbers of American who ae homeless．Estimates range (67) from 600, 000 to 3 million． (68) the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter：that the number of the homeless is (69) , one of the federal governments’ studies (70) that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade． Finding ways to (71) this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult． (72) when homeless individuals manage to find a (73) that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day (74) on the street．Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs．And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders．Many others, (75) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday (76) skills need to turn their lives (77) ． Boston Globereporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are (78) programs that address the many needs of the homeless． (79) Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, (80) it, "There has to be (81) of programs．What’s need is a package deal．\
TEXT D "There are too many students overcrowding courses and contributing nothing to society," says Professor Edward Mishan, explaining the subject of an article, published recently in an economics journal. Using pure economic rationality, Professor Mishan argues that subsidizing students because they benefit society is a fallacy--one that he says he would have included in his book 21 Popular Economic Fallacies, had he thought of it when it was first published in 1970. "For if higher education is free," he writes, "a man who chooses to spend three years at university rather than enter the workforce may be willing to do so even though it makes no perceptible difference to his future earnings." As such he advocates full commercial rates on loans for students to pay the entire costs of their higher education.. Professor Mandy Telford is not amused. "There is no doubt that charging commercial interest rates on loans would put people off going to university," she said. "At present we have a system where the poorest students are forced to work long hours just to keep their heads above water, while the rich, supported by their parents, are able to make greater use of their time. Commercial rate loans would hit the poorest students the hardest as they would be forced to borrow the most. After graduation all students would be forced to chase a fast buck to escape the burden of their ever-increasing debts, therefore shunning lower paid jobs in a public sector that is crying out for skilled teachers and nurses, "Ms. Telford added. One effect of subsidizing university studies, claims Professor Mishan, is that "bizarre and outlandish" courses are likely to proliferate. "In some courses (possibly medicine, electrical engineering and accounting), the respective IRRs (internal rate of return) may be well above that on commercial investment, whereas in others (possibly psychology, sociology and gender studies), they would be well below," he writes. On psychology, sociology, and gender studies, he says, "you learn a few terms you throw into a conversation but nothing more, this is not a good allocation of resources." Lynne Segal, professor of psychology and gender studies at Birkbeck College, is nearly amused. "This is amazing. All we hear about is people complaining about boys and masculinity--lower exam results, more crime," she said. "Mental illness amongst men is rising and depression these are economic issues as well. He seems to be negating the study of human behaviour. It’s a bit hard to take seriously," she added. Professor Mishan was a professor of economics at London School of Economics until 1977, after which he moved to America. Since then he has been "a little bit out of economics", says professor Colin Robinson, editor of economic affairs, the journal produced by the Institute of Economic Affairs, which published the paper. But Professor Mishan does sound amused about his paper. This is not my field of competence--it’s just bit of fun," he reassures us. Professor Mishan advocates full commercial rates on students loans because he believes that______.
The homeless make up a growing percentage of American’s population． (62) homelessness has reaches such proportions that government can’t possibly (63) ．T0 help homeless people (64) independence, the federal government must support job training programs, (65) the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing． (66) everyone agrees on the numbers of American who ae homeless．Estimates range (67) from 600, 000 to 3 million． (68) the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter：that the number of the homeless is (69) , one of the federal governments’ studies (70) that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade． Finding ways to (71) this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult． (72) when homeless individuals manage to find a (73) that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day (74) on the street．Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs．And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders．Many others, (75) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday (76) skills need to turn their lives (77) ． Boston Globereporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are (78) programs that address the many needs of the homeless． (79) Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, (80) it, "There has to be (81) of programs．What’s need is a package deal．\
TEXT B As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by-product of their machines--namely, noise. Noise is nowadays in the news; it has acquired political status, and public opinion is demanding, more and more insistently, that something be done about it. So it was very appropriate’ that many people professionally interested in noise control should meet to discuss their common problems at a large-scale conference. In the three days of the Conference at Teddington, 25 papers were presented; and faced with the pile of texts, whose contents ranged from sophisticated aerodynamics to general comments on the irritation expressed by neighbours, it was difficult to sort out the new ideas which remain active in one’s mind six months from now, from the big mass of valuable knowledge and facts which will remain on the shelves for reference. This difficulty was faced by Mr. D. W. Robinson, head of the acoustics work at the National Physical Laboratory. His introduction elaborated the general idea that noise must be considered in relation to the social organism which produces it. Sound becomes annoying noise only when someone’s opinion has made it so. In terms of energy, it is an undesired byproduct, often an exceedingly small fraction of the main output of the machine or process which produces it, and correspondingly difficult to reduce significantly. To control noise is going to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy and imagination), a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather than late), and, finally, technical knowledge. Technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor Car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way The results of several large-scale experiments, involving numbers of vehicles and of listeners, show how difficult it is to fix any instrumental reading as a legal limit in a way which satisfies most of the public and yet is fair to the vehicle owner. You, find, for example, that with any existing simple "noise meter", vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy by a jury may show considerable difference on the meter. A group of papers dealt with noise, at the source--the basic origins of noise in gears, internal combustion engines, fans and jets. The prospect of a significant reduction in noise output from jet engines of the future was one of the most important questions discussed at the conference. Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. The next weapon in the anti-noise armory is to absorb it in transit to the ear. It is a common fallacy that a sound absorbent such as glass wool is opaque to sound and is therefore the best way of diminishing annoying noise from the flat next door. In a normally furnished room, lining a wall with absorbent will have little effect on the noise level built up by reverberation; and will contribute hardly anything to the acoustic opacity of the wall. In a typical factory building, even if all available surfaces are covered with absorbent, the noise level is unlikely to drop by more than five decibels. A consultant will often recommend light partitioning, and partial screening round noisy machines, as a more of the Conference at Teddington, 25 papers were presented; and faced with the pile of texts, whose contents ranged from sophisticated aerodynamics to general comments on the irritation expressed by neighbours, it was difficult to sort out the new ideas which remain active in one’s mind six months from now, from the big mass of valuable knowledge and facts which will remain on the shelves for reference. This difficulty was faced by Mr. D. W. Robinson, head of the acoustics work at the National Physical Laboratory. His introduction elaborated the general idea that noise must be considered in relation to the social organism which produces it. Sound becomes annoying noise only when someone’s opinion has made it so. In terms of energy, it is an undesired byproduct, often an exceedingly small fraction of the main output of the machine or process which produces it, and correspondingly difficult to reduce significantly. To control noise is going to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy and imagination), a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather than late), and, finally, technical knowledge. Technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor Car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way The results of several large-scale experiments, involving numbers of vehicles and of listeners, show how difficult it is to fix any instrumental reading as a legal limit in a way which satisfies most of the public and yet is fair to the vehicle owner. You, find, for example, that with any existing simple "noise meter", vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy by a jury may show considerable difference on the meter. A group of papers dealt with noise, at the source--the basic origins of noise in gears, internal combustion engines, fans and jets. The prospect of a significant reduction in noise output from jet engines of the future was one of the most important questions discussed at the conference. Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. The next weapon in the anti-noise armory is to absorb it in transit to the ear. It is a common fallacy that a sound absorbent such as glass wool is opaque to sound and is therefore the best way of diminishing annoying noise from the flat next door. In a normally furnished room, lining a wall with absorbent will have little effect on the noise level built up by reverberation; and will contribute hardly anything to the acoustic opacity of the wall. In a typical factory building, even if all available surfaces are covered with absorbent, the noise level is unlikely to drop by more than five decibels. A consultant will often recommend light partitioning, and partial screening round noisy machines, as a more effective and a more economical course. Domestic noises may perhaps be controlled by forethought and courtesy and industrial noises by good planning and technical improvement. But, if we are going to allow fast motor-cycles and heavy diesel lorries to pass continuously through residential and business property, the community as a whole must decide on the control it needs to exercise, for in the long run, it has got to pay for it. And if a nation is to take a leading part in modern air transport, it must enter into international agreements on the noise control measures it will impose at its airports and here the cost of any real control is immediately to be measured in millions of pounds. Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements if noise is to be controlled
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