题目内容
The population boom is attributed to several circumstances in Britain at that time. Good harvests had produced abundant and therefore cheaper food. The plague years were over, probably as a result of improved water supplies and the availability of soap. With opportunities for work in industry, people were marrying younger and producing larger families for whom they could earn the means to provide. The death rate dropped, and the population in- creased. Labor was thus accessible for the development of an industrial society.
Industry's need for fuel sparked expansion in coal mining. Production of iron depended upon coal smelting, which produced cheap iron for machines and buildings. The iron industry moved to the central and northern sections of Britain for coal. Following the invention and improvement of the steam engine, water power was supplanted by steam power with its ensuing requirement of access to coal fields.
Britain's foremost industries were wool and cotton weaving. Between 1733 and 1789, a series of ingenious labor-saving machines were invented. They would dispense with water power and rely on steam for increased production. Kay's flying shuttle made it possible to widen cloth and doubled production as well. Hargreaves' spinning jenny, a cotton-spinning machine that replaced the spinning wheel, and Cartwright's power loom rejuvenated both the cotton and wool industries. Once the countryside was dotted with mills beside rivers and streams, but the need for coal drove the textile industry into the North where it continues to operate to this day. Industrialization was complemented by a dynamic approach to cheap transportation. A network of canals was constructed and covered 2,000 miles by 1815. The canal system reduced coal prices and provided easier access to raw materials and markets. Furthermore, a man named Macadam had the idea of solidifying roads with small stones, so road traffic was made easier.
This period of British industrial expansion is called the Industrial Revolution. The rapid change in the nation's economy was effected by the steam engine and various power-driven machines. Never again would England be an agricultural nation.
The main topic of the passage on Britain in the eighteenth century is______.
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All that we really need to plot out the future of our universe are a few good measurements. This does not mean that we can sit down today and outline the future course of the universe with anything like certainty. There are still too many things we do not know about the way the universe is put together. But we do know exactly what information we need to fill in our knowledge, and we have a pretty good idea of how to go about getting it.
Perhaps the best way to think of our present situation is to imagine a train coming into a switchyard. All of the switches are set before the train arrives, so that its path is completely determined. Some switches we can see, others we can not. There is no ambiguity if we can see the setting of a switch: we can say with confidence that some possible futures will not materialize and others will. At the unseen switches, however, there is no such certainty. We know the train will take one of the tracks leading out, but we have no idea which one. The unseen switches are the true decision points in the future, and what happens when we arrive at them determines the entire subsequent course of events.
When we think about the future of the universe, we can see our "track" many billions of years into the future, but after that there are decision points to be dealt with and possible fates to consider. The goal of science is to reduce the ambiguity at the decision points and find the true road that will be followed.
According to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the distant future of the universe because we ______.
M: Come on! I need a break from all those books or else I'll go crazy!
Q: Who are the speakers most likely to be？
(19)
Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would ______, for he cannot endure to be separated
Europe as a ______ unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European
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