题目内容
Cost as a Factor in Supply
In a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his products and the products_____（51） his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or_____（52） the market price. However, in considering the price, he must take the_____（53） of production into consideration. There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for_____（54） he believes will be a short time. However, no business person can_____（55） to lose money for a prolonged period. He must be constantly_____（56） of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.
Many people have the impression that as production increases, costs per unit decrease._____（57） mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production_____（58） logic and practical experiences have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists_____（59） to this principle as the law of increasing costs.
The reason costs rise as production goes up is_____（60）. However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow,_____（61） competitive bidding in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs_____（62） skilled labor to produce more, and none of this labor is unemployed, the producer will have to get_____（63） from other sources. This can be done by_____（64） higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labor is equally productive,_____（65） not all land is equally fertile and not all ore （矿石） is equally rich in the mineral wanted.
第 51 题
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The steadily rising cost of labor on the waterfront has greatly inreased the cost
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Winners and Losers
Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and East Asia, whereas the biggest losers are mostly in the former Soviet bloc （集团） and sub-Saharan Africa History is a partial guide: East Asia has a long trading tradition, lately reinvigorated （给以新的活力） by the Chinese adoption of market economics.
The Soviet Union, on the other hand, was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 years. In Africa, some countries are disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure （基础结构）; many countries have little to trade but commodities,the prices of which have fallen in recent years.
In some regions, certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies, often under pressure from International Monetary Fund. First among these is Russia, which in the early 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make capitalism work, such as an independent bank system, a system of business law, and an adequate method for collecting taxes. Encouraged by the IMF, the World Bank and the U.S. Department of the Treasury, President Boris Yeltsin's regime privatized the state-owned industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs （寡头政治集团成员）, who, knowing how unstable conditions were at home, sent their money abroad instead of investing it at home.
In contrast, China, the biggest winner from globalization, did not follow the IMF formula. Of the former states of the Soviet bloc, only a few, notably Poland and Hungary, managed to grow, which they did by ignoring IMF advice and adopting expansionary plans, including spending more than they collected in taxes. Botswana and Uganda are also success stories: despite their disadvantages, their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies, liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptions.
第 16 题 Japan has a long trading tradition.
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