REAING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
India's Modern Women
The country's younger generation is shedding submissive attitudes, wants careers, and longs for wealth. And marketers are paying attention. When the first American music videos and popular TV shows began appearing in Indian homes in the early 1990s thanks to satellite and cable, many pundits predicted Indian society would never be the same. For the first time, female viewers saw independent, successful women and fun, sensitive guys. Sex and divorce were openly discussed in these TV imports and couples kissed passionately—then still a taboo in Indian TV shows and movies.
Indeed, the impact on younger generations of Indian women has been profound. Whereas Indian women traditionally have been submissive to parents and husbands and valued frugality and modesty, a number of sociological studies show that young Indian females now prize financial independence, freedom to decide when m marry and have children, and glamorous careers. A generation back, women would sacrifice themselves and believed in saving. Today, it is spend, spend, spend. It is O.K. for a woman to want something for herself, and people will accept it if she goes out into a man's world making a statement.
Because today's young women are the key consumer group of tomorrow, these shifts have big implications for marketing companies. And the trends come out clearly in two recent studies. One study examined 3400 unmarried women aged 19-22 of different income and social levels. Altogether, the project involved 40 focus groups in five large urban areas and five smaller cities. In some cases, the researchers lived with the women for a while to study them more closely. 7he researchers supplemented this data with interviews of journalists, teachers, and psychologists.
Among the findings:
Guilt-free materialism. 51% of young single women in major urban areas say it's necessary to have a big house and big car to be happy. In smaller cities, 86% agreed with this statement. This shows that the less women have, the greater are their aspirations. One woman interviewed was making just $200 a year but said she wants to own a jet plane. A typical comment in recent interviews was, 'I want money, fame and SUCCESS'.
Parental ties. Traditionally, parents regarded girls as somebody else's future property. They arranged marriages for their daughters, and then the daughters would go away and take care of their in-laws, so parents needed and doted on sons. However, today's young women are rebelling against that. 67% say they plan to take care of their parents into their old age—and that means they need money. The company Unilever played on that sentiment with a recent controversial—but successful—ad for its Fair and Lovely line of beauty products. A daughter came home and found that her parents had no sugar for coffee because they couldn't afford it. She became an airline hostess after using the Fair and Lovely products to make her beautiful. She then visited her parents and took them to a first-class restaurant.
Marital freedom. Now many women say they'll marry when ready—not when their parents decide to marry them off. 65% say dating is essential, and they also want to become financially independent before they marry. 76% say they want to maintain that independence afterward. 60% say they'll decide how to spend their own salaries. What's mote, 76% say they'll decide when to have children. They now regard this as the woman's decision completely. In big metro areas, 24% say they never want children, and that number reaches 40% in smaller cities.
Individualism. Female role models in Indian culture used to personify perfections. Now, 62% of girls say it's O.K. if they have faults and that people see them. They don't want to be seen as Mrs. Perfect. Popular TV role models are like Phoebe in 'Friends'—wom