题目内容
A model of the development of the information sciences is described and used to account for past events and predict future trends, particularly fifth and sixth generation priorities. The information sciences came into prominence as electronic device technology enabled the social need to cope with an increasingly complex world to be satisfied. The paper provides a framework for the information sciences based on this logical progression of developments. It links this empirically to key events in the development of computing. The fifth generation development program with its emphasis on human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence, and the sixth generation research program with its emphasis on knowledge science are natural developments in the foci of attention indicated by the model.
The fifth generation development program emphasizes
查看答案
搜索结果不匹配？点我反馈
更多问题
Stress
Stress can be defined as an adaptive response, mediated by individual characteristics and/or psychological processes, that is a consequence of any external action, situation, or event that places special physical and/or psychological demands upon a person. This definition includes three concepts important to the overall study of stress: (a) situational demands or stressors cause persons to adapt; (b) individuals tend to react and adapt in different ways to the stressors they are presented, and (c) some form. of physical and/or psychological responses will occur. Therefore, internal characteristics may determine physical and emotional responses exhibited by individuals as a result of stressors. There are two distinct types of stressors, those without and within. Without stressors originate outside individuals and include such things as environmental or work-related demands. Within stressors are those from within individuals. These stressors tend to include individuals' personal values, attitudes, and self-concepts. There are three major types of stressors: environmental, organizational, and individual. Stressors are found to emerge from the environment and individuals. Internal characteristics would be stressors from within individuals.
Internal characteristics are identified in numerous documents and cited as major sources of individual stress. Researchers have found that internal characteristics could contribute to individuals' susceptibility m stress and that these factors may even dictate how individuals handle the stress that they encounter; they state that internal characteristics actually contribute to the amount of stress individuals are able to tolerate. A large number of the negative experiences of beginning vocational individuals emerge from internal characteristics.
The role-related stress is a function of the individual's personality and job preparation. Perceived professional competence has been found to be a source of stress for many individuals. Individuals have been known to experience stress because of their lack of occupational confidence in a particular work or particular environment. Rapid changes in the world and technologies have caused individuals to feel incompetent and experience stress due to their inability to always remain current and up-to-date in their areas of expertise.
Job satisfaction and individual stress are found to be strongly correlated. The amount of stress and degree of job satisfaction experienced by individuals directly influence the quality of individual work life. A list of events revealed recently is closely related to individuals' life satisfaction that could affect their stress and performance at work. These events included marriage, divorce, pregnancy, death of a loved one, and change of residence.
According to the author of this passage, the term "stress" can be defined as
The ______ he is filled with about his son's wondering alone into the forest at night has
听力原文：A: Come in Sharon and take a seat.
B: Thanks.
A: So, where do we start？ Should we begin with a look at last year and then go on from there？
B: Fine
A: So, how do you feel you've done in your first full year with the company？
B: Overall, I think I've done quite well. I feel quite confident now about what I do.
A: And are you happy with your duties？
B: Well, the job is exactly as it was advertised in the paper, so there have been no surprises. I like dealing with customers and I don't mind answering the phone and preparing invoices. Sometimes it's a bit boring typing long price lists, but then everyone has to do it.
A: That's true Does anything make your job difficult？
B: The computer. To begin with, I was slow because I didn't know the program, but now I get annoyed when the computer just stops working for no reason. I often sit looking at the monitor for minutes, not sure whether it is still working or not. I think the network is too old for our software and we need some new machines.
A: But apart from the computer, is there anything else you would like to change？
B: Erm, let me see. rd like the authority to issue credit notes without having to ask you first. You're often away on business and sometimes customers ring up with a complaint. And if we can't contact you, then we can't deal with the complaint properly. It's a bit embarrassing at times.
A: Yes, but some of our customers always find something wrong and try and get a credit note with every order. You can't believe everything they say, you know. What about your objectives for the future？
B: Well, I need to get to know the customers a bit better and maybe try to make fewer mistakes. But I think the most important thing is to increase my product knowledge, so I don't get embarrassed when customers make enquiries.
A: Don't worry, you'll learn all that in time. What I'd like to ask you about now is...
● Your will hear a conversation between a head of department and an employee.
● For each questions 23-30, mark one letter (A, B or C) for the correct answer.
● After you have listened once, replay the recording.
The biggest problem with the computer is that ______.
听力原文：W: Hi, Jim. Have you ever read the works of Ernest Hemingway？
M: Oh, I like Hemingway very much, his style, the Hemingway theme with a Hemingway hero.
W: You are really my bosom friend. Yes. Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, that is "grace under pressure". The world Hemingway created is a world of violence, despair and death, a world in which man cannot find the meaning of life.
M: Yes. I have the same feeling with you. But his hero is not a coward, a weeper. In face of inevitable defeat, keeping a stiff upper-lip means a kind of victory.
W: So he often has stoic endurance. Even in defeat he can maintain some dignity; in spite of defeat he continues to fight with the despairing courage, which enables him to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity. From him we can see the spirit of the noble--Hemingway type of individualism.
M: It is a kind of tragic beauty. I am deeply touched by their spirit, even though it's futile to fight.
W: At least they give us a stir, give us an inspiration: never give up.
M: Yes. Hemingway is a myth in his own times, and a myth in American literature. But he ended his life to the whole world's shock.
W: He died a strong man, a hero. Few have such a despairing courage, and he did this with "grace under pres sure".
What is the conversation mainly about？
微信支付 
支付宝支付